独家总结好的Academic Essay 写作Tips.docx
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独家总结好的Academic Essay 写作Tips.docx
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独家总结好的AcademicEssay写作Tips
EssayWritingGuid
撰写结构:
Introduction-contextstatement+argument+list/outlineofthesub-topicyougonnadiscuss
Conclusion-outlin+argument+contextstatement
Body
1.topicsentence
2.Evidence/support+furtherdiscussion
3.linktonextgaragraph
特点要求:
♦usehighlevelwords
♦objective,factualanddistanced,impersonal非人称
♦Seethepointandlogical.
P1
∙Thequestionastowhether….,orto…,isonethathasconcernedthe…industryforsometime.
∙Whilethereismuchresearchaboutxandx,thereappearstobelittleresearchthataddressesthisquestiondirectly.
∙ThisessaywillexaminetheXdealingwiththeexperientialandXwillarguethatwhileageandXsignificantlyaffectmotivationforxxxsuggestthatbothxxxareimportant,and,regardlessofthexxxxbecomesthemostimportantaspectoftravelfor…
∙Thetopicwillbeaddressedbydiscussingtheoriesrelatedtomotivation….bycurrentresearchinthefield.
∙XcanobviouslyhaveadirectimpactonB:
forexamplecausesthe……..
∙ButdoesthiseffectofxonCcanalsoextendto…?
∙Isitpossibleforexampletoovercome….?
∙Itwillbearguedinthisessaythatwhile…..can….throughitsinfluencen….suchas….,itappearstoonlybeableto…..,butnothingelse.
∙Acanbedescribedaccordingtotheapproachadoptedby…orto…Anethicalinvestorincludes…Thus,incontrastwithmainstreamor..,riskandreturnarenotthesoledimensionsofdecisionmaking,althoughtheyarestilllikelytobeimportant.Inethicalinvestment,itisthenatureofthesource,andnotjustthesizeandrisk,ofthefinancialreturnthatisofconcern.
P2
∙Thereappeartobethreemajortheoreticalviewswithregardtowhyxxx.
∙Ontheondhandtherearethosetheorists,suchasking(2006)andJames(2004)whoarguethatthe…..
∙Thesecondmajormotivationfor…like…is…Finally,therearethoseauthorswhoclaimthat….
∙Whileking(2006)andJames(2004)agreethat….Forexample,King’sworkisbasedon…whereasJamesemphasisesideaswhicharerelatedto…Forexample,Kingarguesthat….thus….James’argumentcentresaroundtheviewthat….
∙Research,forexample,theworkofStott(2003),supportstheviewthat…..
∙Partofthisstudywastoexaminetheinfluenceof….
∙Ofthe…surveyed,100(50%)claimedthatseeing….Unfortunately,thisstudydidnotincludetheimportanceof…
∙However,anotherstudy…showedthat….Thusitmaybethecase,that….Thus….
∙Inlightofthisitmaybeadvisableforadvertisingtobeaimedatseeingthesights,while…
∙King(2006)arguesthat….B(2003)supportsthisviewwhenshesaysthat….Jamesholdsacontrastingview,namelythat….
∙Storesearchrevealedsomeinterestingresults,namelythat….
∙Thefirstimportantthingtonoteisthereare2partstothisquestion:
∙Firstlywhether…..havebeenthecase,andsecondlywhether…..
∙Regardingthefirstquestion,therearemanyclaimsintheliteratureinsupportofthisview.Forexample,….(1979)claimsthat….And….(1978)claimthat…..Andofcoursethereisthewellknown…..However,arecentreviseofresearchonthe…..indicatesthatthereisonly…..,butnotforother…..suchasB.
∙SowhataboutA’s(1979)claimandclaimslikeit?
Well,thetroublewith…..isthat….Forinstance,itiswellknowthatfromtime-to-timeB…..,soitispossiblethat….Inothercases,suchas…..,itmaybethat….However,thereis…..
Theprocedureisacutallyquitesimple.First…..Ifyouhavetogosomewhereelseduetolackoffacilties,thatisthenextstep;otherwiseyouareprettywellset.Itisimportantnottooverdothings.Thatis,itisbettertodotoofewthingsatoncethantoomany.
Oneofonlytwo….whichare…
TwomainapproacheshavebeenfollowedintheUK,eitherinisolationorinconjunction:
theAapproachandtheSapproach.TheAapproachexcludescertaintypesofcompaniesfro…However,althoughtheAapproachexcludes…itdoesnotnecessarilyresultin….Incontrast,thoseadoptingaSapproachpositively….Boththesebroadapproacheshave2featuresincommon.Firstly,….Secondly….Itisonlyrecentlythatitisbeginningtoshowsignsofsomesignificancce…
P3
∙Incontrasttotheabove,atfirstsighttheevidenceinsupportoftheviewthatnegative…….
∙Forexample,D(1986)citesresearchfrom…..hasshownthat…..Also,S(citedbyD,1986)havefoundthat….However,asarguedbyN(1985),manyofthesestudiesareflawedin….,andsoarenotconclusive.
∙Themajorflawwithalltheabove-mentionedstudiesisthattheyfailtoruleoutalternative,plausibleexplanations.Forexample,the…mighthavebeendueto…..ratherthanasadirectresultof….Asforthosewhohad……,or……mayhaveledtotheobservedresultsratherthan….NalsocitedbetterdesignedstudiesbyCAetal.andCsetal.,whichhaverespectivelyfound…..,andnocorrelationbetweenbeingan……and….Thatthesewell-designedstudieswerenegativesupportstheviewthatstudieswhichshowapositiveresultarelikelyflawedindesignorinterpretation.
P4Conclusion
Inconclusion,whilefuturedevelopmentsinthefieldof…maychangethepicture,ontheavailableevidence,Xappearstobeabletoonlydirectlyaffect…..,althoughitcanindirectlyaffect….andthroughitsinfluenceonlifestylefactorssuchas…..,andsoon.
ReferneceExample:
Xxxxxxxx(Angell,1985)
Forexample,Cousins(1979)claimsthat……
Simontonetal.(1987)claimthat…./Dixon(1985)cites….
Schleiferetal.(citedbyDixon,1986)havefoundthat…..
Somepeoplefeelbetter…….(Evan,2003;Fisher,2001)
However,arecentreviewofresearchonthe…byEvan(2003)indicatesthat….
AsarguedbyAngell(1985),manyofthesestudiesare…..
WhataboutCousins’(1979)claimandclaimslikeit?
A,B,Carethreeprocessesbywhichanindividualcanpotentiallyfollowthesocialinfluenceofeiheragrouporanindividual,accordingtoxx(xxxx)
常用词:
Cite/claim/indicate/argue/show/support,agree/emphasise/illustrate
Clarify:
thatis,forexample
Summingup:
tosumup,inconclusion
Correcting:
orrather,atleast,tobeprecise
Dismissing:
anyway,leavingthataside,
Conceding:
nevertheless,despitethat
Verifying:
actually,infact
Adding:
alsomoreoverbesides
Contrasting:
ontheotherhand,conversely
Varying:
alternatively
Showingwhen:
next,soon,finally,afterthat.
Comparing:
likewise,similarly
Showingcase:
therefore,asaresult
Statingcondition:
underthecircumstances,otherwise.
Reader-writerrelationshipwords
Howlikely:
probably,possibly,certainly,perhaps.
Howoften:
usually,sometimes,often
Howtypical:
occasinally,generally
Howobvious:
ofcourse,clearly
Howdesirable:
unfortunately,regrettably.遗憾的
Howreliable:
atfirst,provisionally临时的,届时的。
.howvalid:
broadly/strictlyspeaking,inprinciple
Howsensible:
foolishly,wisely
Howexpected:
tomysurprise,bychance
Youropinion:
personally,Iconsider,Ithink,Iregard,Iargue
Admission:
frankly,tobehonest
Assurance:
honestly,seriously
Politerequest:
please,kindly
Sharedpresumption:
evidently,apparently
Similarideas–similarly,inthesameway,thisiscloselycomparableto,
同时-meanwile,inthemeantime,atthesametime,contemporary,simultaneously
不同意见观点:
incontrast,alternativeviewssuggest,conversely,
结果–therefore,consequently,asaresult,inconclustion
Litespeed-firstly,additionally,afurtherexample.
Assignmentworkshop
Seethepointandlogical.
1.trytoavodiMSwords.
2.Organiseyourideasintowordsthourghsmoothlyeffectivelyforreaders.重要的在最前面。
3.writingasaprocess
pre-writing-pre-linguistic(memoryandschemaatwork),Dataretrievalandselection->organising->goalsetting
drafting-turnsthoughtintolanguage,2cognitivelevels-formulatingandsequentialorderingofideas,mechanicalaspects(spelling,grammar,punctuation)
reviewing-revise,edit,proofread校对
4.Paragraphswillbemoreeffective
stateyourpurposeexplicitlyintheopeningofthetext;
makethetopicofeachsectionandparagraphclear;
ensurethatyourelaborationisbothrelevanttothetopicsentenceandcohesivelylinked.
5.Relevantelaborationandcohesive
5.1.avoidtheweakuseof"and&so",replacethemby"because,however,nevertheless,furthermore,although,similarly,comparableto,proportionalto,likewise,consequently,itfollowsthat,inturn,priortothat,simultaneously,nearby,opposite,adjacent,elsewhere,mosrimportant/weakest,evovlingfrom,since,therefore,owingto,itfollowsthat,dueto,causing,accordingly,forthisreason,hence,asaresult."表明前后二句的逻辑。
5.2know-newarragement延续上一句的信息继续下一句的内容。
有逻辑和连贯性。
如果是特定的一个主语名词一直提到的话:
。
。
。
Buildingadam.....Suchadamcould,forexample,be....Theextremereainfallcouldcasuedam....
6.Makeverbswork
6.1increasetheverb:
nounratio,
6.2useactivenorpassivevoice-billkickedtheball.NO:
theballwaskickedbybill.
6.3避免不必要的名词化avoidunnecessarynominalisations.能用动词就把名词动词化。
6.4Perferstrongverb.
Arecommendationfor...is....
Thefinalchapterofthisreportrecommendsamethodtosolvethe...
Theadequacyof...wasevident..=the...wereadequatewasevidentinthecrowd's.
6.5Decreasemodality....少含糊性的词语如possible,might....
6.6Informationusuallydecribeswhatthecircumstanceisorwas,andasaconsequence,whatshouldbedoneorwasdone....:
Yourtaxationreturnislate,soyoushouldsubmititimmediately.
7.Putimportantinformationupfront.强调角色,时间或环境,衔接关系&reader-writerrelationshipwords。
8.existentialopening避免存在判断式的开头,如"thereareoritis"直接用主语
“Thereare2broadapproachestodefiningandmeasuringidentity”="Identitycanbebroadlydefinedandmeasuredin2ways."
9.Avoidinternal"however,so&and"whenlinkingmainclauses
10.句子的长度要适中15~25words.有时,因为太多ideas连在一起,用太多"and,otherwi
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