John Donne and Conceit in His Poem The Flea 《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻.docx
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John Donne and Conceit in His Poem The Flea 《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻.docx
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JohnDonneandConceitinHisPoemTheFlea《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻
本科毕业设计(论文)
JohnDonneandConceitinHisPoemTheFlea
JohnDonneandConceitinhispoemTheFlea
Abstract
JohnDonne,oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresamongMetaphysicalpoets,hasbeenfamousforhisspecialuseofconceit.ThisthesisendeavorstomakeabriefstudyonthecharacteristicsofDonne’sconceitsinTheFlea.PartOneexplorestherepresentativedifferentviewpointsaboutconceitasaliterarydeviceandthespecialtiesofeachtheoryintheanalysisofDonne’sconceits.Inthispart,conceitismoreattachedtoTreasure’s“TheoryofConceit”connectedwithitsorigin,anditsuniquenessasaliterarydevice.PartTwoadoptsanotheraspectofTesauro’s“TheoryofConceit”.ItexploreshowDonneusesimagestoexpresshiscontradictoryfeeling.ItanalysessometypicalexamplesinDonne’sSongsandSonnets.Itdividestheimagerymainlyintothreeaspects:
lifeanddeath,secularanddivine,scienceandtheology.Donne’sPoetryisamirrorofthecommonfeelingofhumanbeingwhichfocusestheintellectandemotioninhispoetry.PartThreeisdevotedtoanalyzingthetwoimportantthemesinDonne’sTheFlea—womenandlove.Fromtheanalysisoftheconceitwithinthetwothemes,thethesisrevealstheuniqueviewpointsreflectedinDonne’sconceits.ItistheconceitthatmakeshispoetryuniqueandstrikingwithintheElizabethanliterarytradition.
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Keywords:
JohnDonne;conceits;TheFlea
约翰·邓恩《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻
摘要
约翰·邓恩,玄学派代表人物,一位表达矛盾情感的杰出大师,以其奇思妙喻的标新立异和对传统的创新而著称。
邓恩诗歌中的奇思妙喻清新奇特,宛如一株奇葩,怒放在文艺复兴时期的诗坛。
本文基于Tesauro的理论,对邓恩在《跳蚤》中的奇思妙喻进行研究。
全篇共分三部分。
第一部分分为两小部分,主要介绍了对于邓恩奇思妙喻的不同代表观点,以及不同理论对于其分析的特点。
在这一部分主要关注Tesauro奇思妙喻的理论,并进一步指出这种理论的特点,起源,和作为一种修辞手段的独创性。
第二部分阐述邓恩在意象上的奇思妙喻,同时运用Tesauro奇思妙喻的理论集中分析邓恩如何运用意象传递独特的矛盾情感。
这部分分为三个小部分,分别研究邓恩《跳蚤》中的三个方面:
生命与死亡、神圣与世俗、科学与神学。
并强调指出邓恩奇思妙喻在《跳蚤》中表现的独创性。
第三章主要研究邓恩在主题上的奇思妙喻,第一小部分分析了邓恩对爱情的不同理解和感受。
第二小部分分析了邓恩对女性的矛盾情感,邓恩对女性既赞美又讽刺,并指出奇思妙喻的使用丰富了主题的表达。
结论部分评论了邓恩在《跳蚤》中奇思妙喻的使用,简要阐述了对后来诗歌的影响。
关键词:
约翰·邓恩;奇思妙喻;《跳蚤》
Contents
ⅠIntroduction1
ⅡJohnDonne’sConceit—Complex2
ⅢJohnDonne’sConceitinImagery5
A.Lifeanddeath6
B.Secularanddivine7
C.Scienceandtheology8
ⅣJohnDonne’sConceitinTheme8
A.Conceitonlove9
B.Conceitonwomen9
V.Conclusion10
Bibliography12
Acknowledgements14
ⅠIntroduction
JohnDonne(1572-1631),themostinfluentialMetaphysicalpoetinEnglishliterature,hasbeenrecognizedasoneofthegreatestpoetsintheworld.Hisoriginalityandtalentsofcreationwasfinallydiscoveredinthetwentiethcenturyaftermorethantwohundredyearsofneglect.
JohnDonne’s“shocking”conceitswereregardedasasortof“roughness”withdialectical,dramaticallyandsimplelanguageforthecriticsofDonne’sagejudgedhimaccordingtoNeo-classicalrules,whichemphasizesthepowerofreasonandtheaccuratereflectionoftherealworld.Thereforehewasagreatpoet.SamuelJohnsonregardedhimasan“unnaturalpoet”againstreasonandnature.
Conceit,hasbeennormallyattachedtotherhetoricaldevicesandtheliterarystructure,oneoftheexamplecanbecausedbyjuxtaposingtwoincompatibleimages,whichcanberegardedasparadoxicalconceits.
AsfortherecentcriticalreviewsaboutDonne,morearticleshaveappearedtoexplorethecharacteristics,origin,uniquenessandtheoryofDonne’sconceitsandcompleximages,hiswidelearningandhisquickwit,toreinforcehisownpositioninthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TherearemainlyfourtheoriesofDonne’sconceits.ThefirstoneliesinItalianJesuitEmanueleTesauro,whoarguesthat“perfectwitticismsandingeniousconceits(thetwoaresynonymous)areurbanelyfallaciousarguments”.Healsobelievesthat“thewittyargument,theconceit,mustderiveitsforcefromthemetaphor-makingfaculty,theingeno,thatis,bywayofsome‘cavilingfiction’”.
Imageryrepresentsanothersortoftheory.Thethirdsortoftheoryattributesthe“metaphysical”toBaroquestyle.“Thenotionhasbeenappliedwithgreatestsuccesstothestudyofthevisualarts,whereitisatleastreferabletospecifictechniques.”Inaddition,anotherpopulartheoryofthe”metaphysical”isemblemtheorywhichestablishesacausalconnectionbetweentheemblemmovementor”emblemhabit”andtheemblemtheory.MarioPraz,theforemostrepresentativeofthiscircle,analyzestheactualcreationsofthisliterarymovementleadshimtoaviewoftheconceitandtheemblemwhichmightbecalledthe“game”theory.Theyalsoregardthenatureofconceitandemblemastheriddlewhichplaysaroleasby-producttoamuseandtobelight-hearted.AustinWarren,sharessomeofPraz’sconceptionsabouttheemblemtoanevengreaterdegree.Warren’sversionoftheemblemtheoryof”metaphysical”poetryisbasedongeneraltheoryofimagery,whichisengagedinthenatureoftheanaloguesinmetaphor.R.E.ProctorgivesaclearintroductionaboutEmanueleTesauro’sConceitTheoryandJ.A.Mazzeomakesarefined,detailedcritiqueofmoderntheoriesofmetaphysicalpoetry.Basedonthisvaluableanalysisofconceit,itisclearthatTesauro’s“TheoryofConceit”provideduswithabetterwaytounderstandtheconceitsinJohnDonne’spoetry.ThethesiswillconcentrateonhowDonneachievesnoveltybyadoptingconceitinimageryandthemes.
PartⅡexploresthecharacteristicsofrepresentativemoderntheoriesabouttheconceit.Inthischapter,conceitismoreattachedtoitsorigin,theoriesanditsuniquenessasafigureofspeechinDonne’sTheFlea.
PartⅢadoptsanotheraspectofTesauro’s“TheoryofConceit”.ItexploreshowTesaurosucceededincontinuingdistinguishthisparticularsortof”argument”fromanyoftheothersorts.ItanalysessometypicalexamplesinDonne’spoetry.Itdividesimagerymainlyintothreevariousaspects:
lifeanddeath,secularanddivine,scienceandtheology.Itconcludes“Perfectwitticismsandingeniousconceits(thetwoaresynonymous)areurbanelyfallaciousarguments’”.“Thewittyargument,theconceit,mustderiveitsforcefromthemetaphor-makingfaculty,theingeno,thatis,bywayofsome‘cavilingfiction’”.Donne’spoetryisamirrorofthecommonfeelingofhumanbeingwhichfocusestheintellectandemotion.
PartⅣisdevotedtoanalyzingthetwoimportantthemesinTheFlea—womenandlove.Fromtheanalysisoftheconceitwithinthetwothemes,itcontainstheuniqueviewpointsreflectedinDonne’sconceits,whichmakeshispoetryuniqueandstrikingwithintheElizabethanliterarytradition.
ⅡJohnDonne’sConceit—Complex
ManymoderncriticsfindthemoststrikingcharacteristicofDonne,themetaphysicalpoet,tobehisideatoextendtherangeandvarietyofmetaphoricalexpressions.QuiteafewtheoriesofmetaphysicalpoetryhavebeenproposedsinceSirHerbertGriersonpublishedtheeditionofDonne’spoemsin1912,whichinitiatedthemodernrevaluationofmetaphysicalpoets.Butonlyafewofthesetheoriesseemtohaveapproachedtheissuefromtheangleprovidedbysixteenthandseventeenthcenturyliterarycritics.MaybeitjustifiesputtingupthefactthatthereisnobodyofcriticalliteratureinEnglishonthemetaphysicalmovementwrittenwhenthemovement,byusingdifferentnames,suchas“Concettismo,“Marinismo,and“Gongorismo,”wasexperiencingitsflourishingperiodoftimeinEurope.
Thegenerallyaccepted“metaphysicalconceit”isthedefinitionRobert.M.AdamsgiveswhenhetalksaboutthefigurativelanguageinNortonAnthologyofEnglishLiterature.Hedrawsthisspecialdefinitioninawaydifferentfromthecontentoftheconceit’simage.
SamuelJohnsonfirstemploysthewordof“wit”inthemeaningof“conceit”ashecommentsmetaphysicalpoets,especiallyJohnDonneandhisfollowers.Hesays:
“Butwit,abstractedfromitseffectsuponthehearer,maybemorerigorouslyandphilosophicallyconsideredasakindofDiscordiaconcors;acombinationofdissimilarimages,ordiscoveryofoccultresemblancesinthingsapparentlyunlike.Ofwitthusdefined,theyhavemorethanenough.Themostheterogeneousideasareyokedbyviolencetogether.”
Theword“conceit”,“concetto”or“concepto”shareanothermeaning—metaphor.Asthefirstcriticattemptsaconceptualformulationof“concettimo,”GiordanoBruno,startedhisargumentwithanattackonthePetrarchantheoryofpoeticinspirationwhenthe“metaphysical”wasflourishinginItaly.Brunomadehisefforttosubstitutethethoughtof“heroiclove”directedtotheuniversewhile“amore”directedtowardindividualbeauty.Itisthefirstsortofloveinhisinterpretationasthetalentsharedbythephilosopherandthepoettoperceivetheunityofthedissimilarormakeheterogeneousanalogies.Therefore,forBruno,metaphysicalpoetrywasclosedlinkedwiththeindividualperceptionandexpressionofthe“universalcorrespondencesinhisuniverse”.Thisconceptionofthepoetasonewhodiscoversandexpressestheuniversalanalogiesbindingtheuniversetogetherwaslaterdevelopedbythetheoristsoftheconceitintheseventeenthcentury,themostfamiliarofwhomareBaltasarGracianinSpainandEmmanueleTesauroinItaly,andwasmadethebasisforapoeticof‘concettismo’or,asIhavecalleditelsewhere‘apoeticofcorrespondences’.
Thecommonprinciplesofconceittheoryadoptedbythecriticslieintheideathatconceititselfis“theexpressionofacorrespondence”whichactuallyobtainsbetweenobjectsandthemostheterogeneousmetaphors.Thefactisjustifiableonthebasisofthepoet’sunderstandingthattheuniverseisanetwork.Simplyexpressionsoftheunderlyingunityofallthingsare“violentcouplingsofdissimilar”.OneofthepopularmodernmetaphysicaltheoriesderivesthissortofpoetryfrothePetrachanandtroubadourtraditionanddescribesitasadeca
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