外语系毕业论文写作模板.docx
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外语系毕业论文写作模板.docx
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外语系毕业论文写作模板
外语系本科毕业论文
写作模版
2012.11
目录
1.模版使用说明
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15.用MicrosoftWord软件排版方法
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5.制定时间:
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外语系本科生英语专业毕业论文装订顺序
1.毕业论文封面(汉语:
统一使用教务处提供封面)
2.毕业论文首页(英语)
3.致谢(英文)
4.目录
5.毕业论文中文摘要及关键词
6.毕业论文英文摘要及关键词
7.正文
8.尾注(可选,但统一使用尾注形式)
9.参考文献(英语文献在前,汉语文献在后)
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11.封底(一页空白纸)
IncorporatingCultureintoEnglishTeachinginMiddleSchools
AThesisPresentedtothe
FacultyofForeignLanguageDepartment
XingtaiCollege
inPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
fortheDegree
BachelorofArts
By
YourName
xx,2013
Acknowledgements
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa,mysupervisor,forher/hisconstantencouragementandguidance.She/Hehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withouther/hisconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second,IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessorbbb,wholedmeintotheworldofxxx(eg:
translation).IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish:
Professordddd,Professorssss,whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.
Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.
Contents
Abstract(inChinese)………………………………………………………………………….i
Abstract(inEnglish)...………………………………………….……….…………..ii
Introduction.……………………………………………………………...………..1
I.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor..……………………………...………...2
A.AristotelianSchool:
Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoric…………..……….2
B.ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorical………………...…………….5
C.TheStudyofMetaphorfromthe20thCenturytothePresent…….………….…..6
II.OnSimilarity…………………………………..………………….………………7
A.Similarity:
AFundamentalCriterionfortheClassificationofMetaphor………..7
B.SimilarityandCulture……………………………………………..…………….9
C.SimilarityandCategory………………………….…………………..…………10
D.TheRelationshipBetweenSimilarityandKnowledge……………..………….13
III.OntheMechanismofMetaphor…………………………….………………...15
A.Black’sInteractionTheory………………………………………......................15
1.IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory……………………………………....15
2.SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory………………………………….…16
B.LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory………………………………….…....19
1.ThePhilosophicalBasisofLakoffianTheory…………………………….....19
2.LakoffianTheoryontheMechanismofMetaphor……………………….…21
3.TheDeficienciesofLakoffianTheoryinExpoundingtheCreationofSimilarity…………………………………………………………….....26
C.ConceptualIntegrationTheory………………………………………..…….….29
1.AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory..………………….....29
a.FourMentalSpaces……………….………………...……………………..29
b.ThreeProcessesofBT………………..……………..……………………..33
c.OptimalityPrinciplesofBT………….…………………...……………….34
2.TheAdvantagesofBTinSolvingtheParadoxoftheTwoFormerTheories……………………......…………………………………….….....34
a.TheGenericMentalSpace…………………………….…...………....…...34
b.TheBlendingSpaceandEmergentStructure……..………………......…...35
c.TheOtherAdvantagesofBT………………..…………..…………………40
Conclusion…………………………………..………………….……………………42
Notes………………………………………………………………………………..43
Bibliography………………………………………………..………………….……45
Appendix(参见本部分具体要求)………………………………………………….46
摘要
隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研究,它是隐喻研究的核心。
两千多年来,隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段,一种语言的陪衬,被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代,进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论。
现代学者通过大量研究表明,隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是,它是人类的主要认知方式。
隐喻这一认知方式,给人们一种新的视角,创造一种相似。
因此,现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的。
在众多的隐喻理论中,影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论。
(大约200字左右)
关键词:
隐喻;搭配;术语
Abstract
Themechanismofmetaphorisactuallythenucleusofthestudyofmetaphor.Formorethantwothousandyears,metaphorwasviewedasadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage.Inaccordancewiththisperspective,metaphorwasacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategoryorwasregardedasonewordusedtosubstituteanotherbecausetherewerepreexistingsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Asaresultofthisperspective,twotheoriestookshape:
onewastheComparisonTheory,theotherwastheTheoryofSubstitution.Butmodernscholarsdiscardtheperspective,holdingthatmetaphorisnotonlyadeviceofrhetoric,tobemoreimportant,itisaleadingwayforhumanbeingstoknowthisworld,awayofthinking.(此部分200单词左右)
KeyWords:
metaphor;collocation;terms
Introduction
Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechanismofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle’sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian’sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretationforceofthesetheoriesisverylimited.In1936,I.A.RichardsputforwardInteractionTheory.LaterMaxBlackmadeanelaborationoftheworkofhis.InteractionTheoryclaimsthatmetaphorisacognitivelyirreduciblephenomenonthatworksnotatthelevelofwordcombination,butmuchdeeper,arisingoutoftheinteractionbetweentheconceptualstructuresunderlyingthewords.ButtheoneswhoreallyturnthestudyofmetaphortoanewpageareGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson.ThemarkofthischangeisthepublicationofthebooknamedMetaphorsWeLiveBy.ThetheoryofLakoffandJohnson’sisConceptualMetaphorTheory.Asthesescholarsregardmetaphorasthecreationofsimilarity,theirtheoriesconcentrateonhowthesimilarityiscreatedandhowthenewmeaningisproducedthoughtheirinterpretationsarenotperfect.Recently,anothertheoryappeared—ConceptualIntegrationTheoryorBlendingTheory.Comparativelyspeaking,itismoreconvincingonthemechanismofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略,此部分字数最少不少于300字,大约占整个论文的十分之一。
)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor
A.AristotelianSchool:
Metaphor--ADeviceofRhetoric
AndrewOrtony,oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat“AnyseriousstudyofmetaphorisalmostobligedtostartwiththeworksofAristotle”.
InPoetics,Aristotleexpoundstheessence,functionandthewayofexplanationofmetaphorasthreenuclei.Hedefinesmetaphoras“theapplicationofanaliennamebytransferenceeitherfromgenustospecies,orfromspeciestogenus,orfromspeciestospecies,orbyanalogy,thatis,proportion”.Thenhegivesfourkindsofmetaphor:
Since‘lyingatanchor’isaspeciesofthegenus‘lying’,onecansay‘thereliesmyship’(genus-to-speciesmetaphor),since‘tenthousand’isaspeciesofa‘largenumber’,onecansayverilytenthousandnobledeedshathOdysseuswrought(species-to-genusmetaphor).Since‘todrawaway’and‘tocleave’areeachaspeciesofthegenus‘takingaway’,onecansaywithbladeofbronzedrewawaythelife(species-to-speciesmetaphor).Andsinceoldageistolifeaseveningtotheday,onecansaythatoldageistheeveningoflife
Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogymetaphorsarethemostpleasing.Aristotlealsoholdsthatmetaphorcanmaketheprosaicstylecharming,andstressesthatitcanonlybeconfinedtopoetry.Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristsmakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword“iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered”.ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifiesmetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandismerelyanembellishmentoflanguage.AlsointhischapterofPoetics,heelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusualanddiscussestherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandgenius,viewingmetaphorasatalentofepicpoetsandtragedians:
Thegreatestthingbyfaristohaveacommandofmetaphor.Thisalonecannotbeimportedbyanother;itisthemarkofgenius—fortomakegoodmetaphorsimpliesaneyeforresemblances.
AsHawkswritesaboutAristotle’saccountofmetaphor:
Itisabundantlyclearthat,asanentityinitself,metaphorisregardedasadecorativeadditiontolanguage,tobeusedinspecificways,andatspecifictimesandplaces.
InRhetoric,Aristotlesaysthatthebestmetaphorsarethosethatachievetheeffectofbringingthingsvividlybeforetheeyesoftheaudience.Hearguesthatthiseffectis“producedbywordswhichrefertothingsinaction”.“Thebestimageinvolvesametaphor”.Fromtheabovestatements,weknowthatAristotleviewsmetaphorasarhet
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