科技英语的阅读、翻译与写作课件.ppt

科技英语的阅读、翻译与写作课件.ppt

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科技英语的阅读、翻译与写作（概述与回顾）,TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese:

Aspecialdistillationproblemisencounteredwhentheboilingpointofthematerialissohighthatthesubstancedecomposesatitsatmosphericboilingpointorthevaporizationtemperaturecannoteasilybereachedbysteamheat.Todistillsuchamaterial,eithertofreeitfromnonvolatileimpuritiesortoseparateitintofractionsofdifferingboilingpoint,thedistillationtemperaturemustbeloweredtoapointwheretheliquidcanbevaporizedwithoutreachingexcessivetemperatures.Onemethodofaccomplishingthisistooperateunderavacuum.,PutthefollowingintoChinese:

alkaneconvectionback-mixingdiffusionfluxenthalpyfossilfuelgradienthumidityisothermal,PutthefollowingintoEnglish：

潜热动量可操作性聚氯乙烯可逆的选择性热塑性的管式反应器不饱和的黏度,科技英语的特点,科技论文的特点,书面文体架构近乎标准化科技论文的标准格式：

标题Title作者Authorsandtheircompanies摘要Abstract引言Introduction实验Experiments结果与讨论Resultsandanalysis结论Conclusion致谢Acknowledgment参考文献Refrensce,科技英语语法结构的基本特点,科技文体专题著作、专题论文、教科书、实验报告、新闻报道、科普文章、说明书等特点：

写实学科发展、现状、基本概念、基本原理、定理、推导、图、表、实验结果、分析讨论、结论、操作步骤、维护方法、注意事项等语法结构的基本特点,1.谓语动词的时态,一般现在时：

描述客观存在的事实、现象或真理。

Actionandreactionareequalandopposite.一般过去时：

叙述过去发生过的事实，或存在表示过去的时间状语。

Carvendishshowedthathydrogenreactswithoxygentoformwater.现在完成时：

强调过去发生的事实仍对现在有影响。

Since1940thechemicalindustryhasgrownataremarkablerate.一般将来时：

预计将要发生的事。

WillmendiscoverthatthereislifeonMars?

2.谓语动词的语态,科技论著的中心议题：

客观存在的事实大量使用被动语态，突出所论述的事实。

科技英语中谓语至少三分之一是被动态：

用事实说话；略去行为主体，使句子简洁；语气谦和，更具学术味和逻辑性。

Theheatcausesthereactiontobeaccelerated.Morepowerislikelytobeneededduringthewinter.Theresearchwascarriedoutbytheassistant.,3.长句,大量使用长句和复合句，严密表达事物之间的逻辑关系Sincethemoleculesofagasaremuchtoofarfromeachothertorepelorattracteachother,itisveryeasytocompressagas,whileasolidorliquidisalmostincompressible,becausetherepulsionsoftheelectricalchargesofwhichitsatomsaremadeuparefarstrongerthananyforcewecanapply.由于气体分子相隔太远，不能互相排斥或吸引，所以气体很容易压缩，而固体或液体几乎是不可压缩的，因为其原子的电荷斥力比我们所能施加的力要强得多。

另外太多的短句堆砌会造成单调的感觉。

开始写作时可用短的陈述句把事实说清楚，然后增加句型的变换，将其中一些句子综合起来成为长句或复合句。

4.句子简练,比较：

Whentheyareheatedunderpressuretheconstituentsfusetogether.Whenheatedunderpressuretheconstituentsfusetogether.Heatedunderpressurethetheconstituentsfusetogether.用非谓语动词短语和介词短语代替从句,科技英语词汇的基本特点,Thevocabularyofanytechnicaldiscussionsorpieceofwritingmayincludewordswhichareneverusedoutsidethesubjectorfieldinquestion.Ifyoudonotknowthesubject,youwillnotunderstandwhatissaidorwritten,evenifEnglishisyourmothertongue.Thevocabulariesusedinscienceandtechnologyareverylarge,andinEnglishtheyincludemanysemi-technicalwordswhichareusedinunfamiliarwayssothattheirnewmeaningsmustbelearned.,TechnicalWords,Wordswithprecise,narrowmeaningsforeachsubject.1.ManytechnicalwordsaremadeupfromLatinandGreekroots,prefixesandsuffixes,whichsoonbecomefamiliar.e.g.ethene-ene词尾烯烃polyethenepoly-词头聚，多polytetrafluoroethenetetra-词头四fluoro-词头氟代（的）,TechnicalWords,2.Othertechnicaltermsmaybemadeupfromexistingwordswhosemeaningiswellknownandisnotsubstantiallyalteredinthetechnicalcompoundword.e.g.feedbacksyngas（=synthesisgas）,TechnicalWords,特点：

词义单一。

Clearlyitisnecessarytoknowalltheseparatetechnicalvocabulariesinordertodealwithevenverydifficulttechnicalreportsorpublicationsinoneparticularfield.,Semi-technicalWords,Wordswhoseuseisnotconfinedtoscientificandtechnologicalcontexts.Themeaningsofthesewordsintheirtechnicalusearelikelytodifferfromtheirnon-technicalmeanings.Moreover,theymayhavedifferentprecisemeaningsindifferenttechnicalfields.ThistypeofwordsisanessentialpartoftechnicalEnglish.,Semi-technicalWords,特点：

由普通词汇转化而来，一词多义。

Inmechanics,workisdefinedastheproductofaforceandadisplacement.在力学中，功的定义是力与位移的乘积。

Theleadsofnewcondenserarehalfaslongasthoseoftheold,yetthefunctionsarethesame.新型电容器的导线比老式电容器的短一半，但作用相同Thevelocityatanypointisafunctionofthespacecoordinatesofthatpoint.任一点的速度是该点空间坐标的函数。

Semi-technicalWords,reformingn.1.重整Theconversionofstraight-chainalkanesintobranched-chainalkanesbycrackingorbycatalyticreaction.Itisusedinpetroleumrefiningtoproducehydrocarbonssuitableforuseingasoline.Benzeneisalsomanufacturedfromalkanehydrocarbonsbycatalyticreforming.2.转化Aprocessusedtoconvertmethane（fromnaturalgas）intoamixtureofcarbonmonoxideandhydrogen,whichisusedtosynthesizeorganicchemicals.ThereactionisCH4+H2OCO+3H2.,Semi-technicalWords,reduction化还原；数简化，约简；减少carrier化载体；无载波；医带菌者critical物临界的；批评的；关键的coordinate化配位的，配价的；数坐标base化碱；基础basic化碱性的；基本的,Semi-technicalWords,derivative化衍生物；数导数insulation物绝热；绝缘；隔离potential物势，位；潜在的，可能的still化蒸馏；蒸馏釜；静止；还complex化络合物；复杂的,Formal,Non-technicalWords,Thereremainsaclassofstrictlynon-technicalwordswhichareseldomfoundoutside