大学英语语法虚拟语气doc.docx
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大学英语语法虚拟语气doc.docx
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大学英语语法虚拟语气doc
1.Iwish(that可省略,下同)Iknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个答案。
(事实上是不知道)
2.Hewisheshehadn'tlostthechance.
他真希望没有失去机会。
(其实已失去)
3.Youwishedshewouldarrivethenextday.(would+arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。
(事实上她还没到)
SubjunctiveMood作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式,仅是古英语
遗留下来的残余。
它仅有两个形式,即be型虚拟式和were型虚拟式。
Be型虚拟]-----
be型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的,不管主语是什么人称,动词一律用原形,如动词为被动
态,则助动词be也用原形。
其主要用法如下:
1)用于表命令、决定、建议、坚持等词语之后的that分句中
这一用法又分三种情况:
a)用在decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,requ
ire,suggest,vote等动词之后的that分句中.(宾语从句)
在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“should+动词原形(或完成形式)”,表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。
Heorderedthatallthebooksbesentatonce.Heorderedthatallthebooksbesentatonce.weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair.
Sheinsistedthatshegotothesouthforherholiday.
b)用在
advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impos
sible,necessary,obligatory,proper等形容词之后的that分句中。
(主语从句)
Itisessentialthatallthefactsbeexaminedfirst.
Itwasappropriatethatthisitaxbeabolished.
Ithoushtitadvisablethatanarmedguardstandinreadiness.
c)用在
decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution等名词之后的
that分句中。
TheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentflytoBoston.
Wewerefacedwiththedemandthatthistaxbeabolished.
Theirdecisionwasthattheschoolremainclosed.
在这一用法中be型虚拟式能与“should+不定式”交替使用,也能与to-不定式交替使
用。
Heorderedthatthebooksbesentatonce.
=Heorderedthatthebooksshouldbesentatonc.
=Heorderedthatthebookstobesentatonce.
2)用于由if,though等引导的分句中.
be型虚拟式能用于由if,though,whatever,lest,solongaslest,forfearthat,incase
sothat,inorderthat等引导的分句中表推测、让步、防备等含义。
Ifhebefoundguilty,Jonhshallhavetherightofappeal.
Thougheveryonedesertyou,Iwillnot.
Quitlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishswimaway.
上述用法现在只限于书面体,在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should/may+不
定式。
Whateverhisdefensemaybe,wecan’ttoleratethisdisloyalty.
3)用于某些公式化语句中
be型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。
LonglivethePeople'sRepublicofChina!
Godblessyou!
Goddamnyou!
Sobeit.(但愿如此吧)
Were型虚拟]-----
Were型虚拟语气只有一种形式,即无论主语是什么人称,动词一律用were,如Iwere,
youwere,如果动词为进行体或被动态,其助动词也一律用were,如Iweregoing,youwere
going,Iweresent,youweresent
1)用于某些状语从句
如if,ifonly,asif,asthough,though引导的条件状语和让步状语从句,表
示非真是的条件或让步。
IfIwereyou,Ishouldwaittillnextweek.
IfonlyIwerenotsonervous.
Hebehavesasthoughhewerebetterthanus.
2)用于某些名词性从句
如wish,wouldrather,suppose,imagine之后的that—分句中,表示一种臆想的(通
常是不可能发生的事)
Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.
I’dratherIwerenotatthesiteoftheaccident.
Supposetheearthwereflat.
上述were型虚拟式在第一三人称单数主语之后可为was所取代。
Ifitwastorain,thegamewouldbeputoff.
IfonlyIwasnotsonervous.
但是,在ifIwereyou这一分句中,通常不用was。
另外在某些倒装句结构中只用were,
不用was。
WereItodoit=(ifIweretodoit),Ishouldrelyonyou.
还有在asitwere(作sotospeak解,即“宛如””好比”)结构中也只用were,不
用was
Heismybestfriend,mysecondfelf,asitwere
.
假设意义表示法综述
1)用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义
a)Itis(high,about)timethat
Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.
It’sabouttimethatweputanendtothiscontroversy.
b)Iwouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldassoon/wouldjustassoon(that)you
/he/they
I’dsoonershelefttheheavyendoftheworktosomeoneelse.
c)ifonly
IfonlyIknewwhatyouwanted.
Ifonlyhehadarrivedintime,hewouldnothavebeenpunished.
d)asif,asthough
Itseemsasifitwerespring.现在好像是春天似的。
Sheappearedasifshehadknownnothingaboutit.她看上去对此一无所知。
asif,asthough结构中如果不表示假设意义,就不必用过去时时态。
Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.
e)Iwish(that)
IwishIrememberedtheaddress.
Iwish与Ihope都表示“希望”但Ihope并不表示假设意义其后很少用过去时时态。
Ihopeyouareready.
用情态助动词过去时时态表示假设意义
最常见于条件句和含蓄条件句
a)用于条件句(若if省略要用到装)
Ifshewereyounger,shewoulddoit.
去If:
Weresheyounger,shewoulddoit.(把动词were移到主语she的前面)
Ifhehadtriedit,hecouldhavedoneit.
去If:
Hadhetriedit,hecouldhavedoneit.(把had移到主语he的前面)
WereIabird,Icouldflyfreely.
如果虚拟条件句中有were,had或should时,把它们放在if的位置上;但是如果条件
句中没有were,had或should不能用倒装。
如:
Shoulditraintomorrow,whatshouldwedo?
要是明天下雨的话,我们怎么办呢?
WereIyou,Iwouldhaveaskedhimforsomeadvice.要是我是你的话,我就向他请
教了。
在“开放式条件句”(openconditionalclause)和让步状语从句中若should是被省略
了的。
在这种情况下,如果if省略,动词be与主语的位置要倒装。
如:
Ifanypersonbeguiltyofacrime,thecourtshallhavetherighttoappeal.
(任何人犯罪,法院有权起诉。
)
Beanypersonguiltyofacrime,thecourtshallhavetherighttoappeal.
Whethersheberightorwrong,shewillhavemyunansweringsupport.(不管她
对与错,我都会支持她)
Besherightorwrong,shewillhavemyunansweringsupport.
注意:
有时虚拟条件句并没来if从句表示出来,而是用介词短语(otherwise,or,
without,butfor)、上下文或其它方式来表示。
Wedidn'tknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.
Withoutyouhelp,Iwouldn’thaveachievedsomuch.
Butforyourhelp,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.
有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个:
Icouldhelpyou.(只有主句)
IfIhadtime.(只有从句)
b)用于含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表示出来,只暗含在短语或上下文中,这种句子叫做储蓄
条件句。
常见的有but,for,without等引导的短语,以及or,orelse,otherwise,but等
分句。
Butforyourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceededintheexperiment.
如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验室是不会成功的。
Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavourableconditions.
在更有利的条件下,我们能够做得更好些。
WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?
如没有你,我会怎么办呢?
(条件暗含在分词短语
withoutyou中)
Iwouldappreciatealittleofyourtime.谢谢你给我一点时间吧。
(可能暗含ifyou
weresokindastogivemealittleofyourtime)
在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。
如:
Youwouldn’tknow.你不会知道。
Iwouldliketocome.我愿意来。
c)用于其他语境
以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用
may加动词原形构成):
Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.
Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.
混合条件句----主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
Ifyouhadtakenyourmedicineyesterday,youwouldbequiteallrightnow.
如果你昨天吃了药的话,现在就已经痊愈了。
(从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,主句则
表示与现在事实相反。
其他例子
Thatsheshouldforgetmesoquicklywasratherashock.(竟然)
Wouldthatthefloodmightnevercomeagain.(但愿)
=Ifonlythethefloodmightnevercomeagain.
Tothinkthathewouldmarrysuchanasttywoman.(竟然)
1、It’salreadysixo’clocknow.Don’tyouthinkit’sabouttime____?
A)wearegoinghome
B)wegohome
C)wewenthome
D)wecangohome
2、Ifonlythecommittee____theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonas
possible.
A)approve
B)willapprove
C)canapprove
D)wouldapprove
3、It’snecessary____thedictionaryimmediately.
A)thathewillreturn
B)thathereturned
C)thathereturn
D)thathehastoreturn
4、Shemusthavehadanaccident,orhe____then.
A)wouldhavebeenhere
B)hadtobehere
C)shouldbehere
D)wouldbehere
5、IapologizeifI____you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.
A)offended
B)hadoffended
C)shouldhaveoffended
D)mighthaveoffended
6、Ourideaisthatthematch____.
A)wouldputoff
B)oughttoputoff
C)beputoff
D)couldputoff
7、Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial_____toitsburning
temperature.
A)isbeated
B)willbeheated
C)beheated
D)wouldbeheated
8、Thattreelookedasifit_____foralongtime.
A)hasn’twatered
B)didn’twater
C)hadn’tbeenwatered
D)wasn’twatered
9、Thebusinessofeachday,_____sellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.
A)itbeing
B)beit
C)wasit
D)itwas
10、Jeanwishesthathe_____thathouselastspring.
A)bought
B)hadbought
C)buys
D)weretobuy
11、IwishI____longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.
A)couldhaveslept
B)slept
C)mighthaveslept
D)haveslept
12、I’djustassoonyou____thoseimportantpaperswithyou.
A)dosenottake
B)nottotake
C)hadnottaked
D)didnottake
13、I’dratheryou____makea
nycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.
A)don’t
B)wouldn’t
C)didn’t
D)shouldn’t
14、Itisvitalthatenoughmoney____tofundtheproject.
A)becollected
B)mustbecollected
C)iscollected
D)canbecollected
15、Itisrecommendedthat
the
project____until
all
the
preparations
havebeenmade.
A)isnotstarted
B)willnotbestarted
C)isnottobestarted
D)notbestarted
16、Themanagerofthehotelrequeststhattheirguests____afeter10:
30.
A)couldn’tplayloudmusic
B)don’tplayloudmusic
C)shouldn’tplayloudmusic
D)nottoplayloudmusic
17、____rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.
A)Wouldsheleave
B)Ifsheleaves
C)Wereshetoleave
D)Ifshehadleft
18、____formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.
A)Notbeing
B)Haditnotbeen
C)Withoutbeing
D)Nothavingbeen
19、Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewe____him.
A)wouldhavetelephoned
B)musthavetelephoned
C)wouldtelephone
D)hadtelephoned
20、Asafetyanalysis____thetargetasapotentialdandgerUnfortunately,itwas
neverdone.
A)wouldidentify
B)willidentify
C)wouldhaveidentified
D)willhaveidentified
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