任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用.docx
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任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用.docx
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任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用
任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用
任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用
【摘要】在日常交际中,听占有十分重要的地位。
Rost认为,语言习得主要通过获得大量的可理解输入来实现,而听是获得可理解语言输入的最重要的渠道。
但是,目前我国的初中英语听力教学仍不尽人意,还存在着许多问题。
任务型教学是以具体的任务为学习动机或动力,以完成任务的过程为学习的过程,以展示任务成果的方式来体现教学成就的一种教学方法。
本研究通过课堂观察和教学进一步探讨了任务型教学应用于初中听力教学。
基于Willis的任务型教学模式和Underwood的听力教学模式理论,笔者将两者结合并应用于初中听力教学中,建立了任务型听力教学模式,将任务型教学法应用于听力教学中。
试图解决现阶段初中英语听力教学中存在的两个主要问题:
第一,听力教材中的问题;第二,教学模式单一的问题。
针对第一个问题,本研究按照任务型教学法中任务设计的原则,重新整合教材并设计多种真适实可行的学习任务,从而解决教材中部分内容过难学生不易完成、不感兴趣等问题。
第二个问题的解决也就是任务型教学法的应用。
本研究将任务划分为听前,听中,以及听后三个部分。
每一部分按照任务设计的原则安排了多项任务,从而解决了传统听力教学模式单一的问题。
通过任务型教学法在听力教学中的应用,作者希望为初中英语听力教师提供些许参考,最终对英语听力教学产生帮助,从而提高听力课堂的有效性。
【关键词】任务;任务型教学法;英语听力教学
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments13
TheApplicationof“Task-BasedApproach”totheListeningClassinJuniorHighSchool
Ⅰ.Introduction
Therearefourabilitiesintheacquisitionoflanguage,whicharelistening,speaking,readingandwriting,butlisteningisthemostdifficultoneamongthem.Moststudentsarenotinterestedinit,andatthesametime,moststudentsalwaysloseconfidenceindealingwiththelisteningcomprehensionquestions,becausetheythinkthattheirEnglishisverypoor.Therefore,it’snecessarytoreviewthecurrentsituationandexistingproblemsoflisteningcomprehensionandcombinetheTask-BasedApproachwiththeEnglishListeningteaching.TheTask-BasedApproachasanewteachingapproachoflanguageappearedinthewesternworldinthe1980s,anditemphasizes"learningbydoing".Comparedwithtraditionalteachingmethods,theTask-BasedApproachcannotonlymotivatethestudents'interest,butcanalsohelpstudentstoimprovetheirEnglishlisteningabilityintheprocessoflearningEnglish.Andthenbythisapproachthestudents’learningefficiencyandEnglishapplicationabilitycanbeimprovedthroughcooperativelearningandself-learning.
II.Literaturereview
2.1Thestudiesoflisteningcomprehension
Listeningisacognitiveactivityandlanguageskills,andplaysanimportantroleinourdailylifeandlanguagelearning,andatthesametime,listeningcomprehensionhasincreasinglybecomeanimportantcriteriontomeasuretheleveloflearners’languagestudy(Long,1993).Butaccordingtoourlongtimeobservationandstudyontheteachingpractice,thetraditionalEnglishlisteningteachingmethodsusedinchinainhibitthestudents’listeningabilitytoimprove.
Listeningcomprehensionresearchincludesfiveaspects,theyarelisteningmaterials,speakers,tasks,learnersandlisteningprocesses(RichardsandPlatt,1992).Thedegreeofdifficultyaboutthelisteningmaterialandlisteners’familiarity;therateofspeech,voice,expressionofspeakers;thetypeoflisteningtask;theinternaland
Externalfactorsoflearners;theprocessesoflisteningcomprehensionalsocanaffectlearnerstounderstandthelisteningmaterials.Amongthem,therearesomeimportantaspectstoaffectlistening,suchastheleveloflanguage,memory,emotionalfactors,andbackgroundknowledgeoflearners.Themostimportantthingisthestudyoftheprocessoflisteningcomprehension,whichisaninternalmentalprocess,andthewaylearnerstodealwithlanguageinputtingandunderstandingit.Theresearchersofdomesticandabroadreachedaconsensusinthisareaandholdthattheprocessoflanguageunderstandingisaprocessoflanguageproducing,andthisprocessincludesthreestages,whichareperception,resolutionandapplication.Attheperceptionstage,theinputlanguageisanalysisedandsynthesisedpreliminarybythebrain.Attheresolvingstage,thebrainproducesaseriesofpropositionwhichisthefoundationoflisteningcomprehension.Attheapplicationstage,thenewsemanticspropositionactivatestheexistingpropositionsandknowledgeinthebrainwhichcanformtheupdateddiscoursemeaningandknowledgesystems.
Thepsychologicalfactorsareveryimportantforstudentstounderstandthelisteningmaterials,andthesefactorsareshowedthroughtheattitudeoflearners,suchastheirinterest,self-confidence,thelevelofeffortandanxiety.Learners’mentalstateswillaffecttheirlearningbehaviorandlearningresultdirectly.Negativementalstates,suchasanxiety,tension,slack,disgust,fear,andsoon,willhindertheirlearningpotentialtoperformnormally.Inordertohelpstudentsovercomethenegativesentimentinthelisteningprocess,cultivatingtheirlearninginterestandmakingtheminagoodmentalstateisagoodway.Therefore,teachersshouldanalyzethereasonswhystudentshavesomanynegativeemotionsintheirteachingpractice,andalsoteachershouldcreatearelaxedandpositiveatmosphereforstudentstolearnandactivatestudents'learninginterestssothattheyalwaysputtheminastateofexcitement.
2.2ThestudiesoftheapplicationofTask-BasedApproachtolisteningclass
TheTask-BasedApproachappearedinthe1980s.Itaimstolanguageteachingrealandclassroomsocialization.TheTask-BasedApproachisataskoranactivityforaparticularpurpose(Crookes,1989).Ineducationalcurricula,itismainlyusedtocollectdataforresearch.Intheprocessoflanguagelearning,taskisacommunicationactivity,andalsoakindoflanguagepracticewhichemphasizes“learningbydoing".ThecoreoftheTask-BasedApproachisthe"learner-centered"and"people-oriented",andthetheoreticalbasisisthe"constructivist".
Thetaskiscomposedoffiveparts,whicharetheteachingaims,inputs,formsofactivities,theroleofteachersandstudents,andtheenvironment(Nunan,1989).TheTask-BasedApproachemphasizesthatlearnersnotonlyfocusonthelanguage,butalsofocusontheprocessoflanguagelearning,anditemphasizestheinteractionandcooperationintheprocessoflearning,andalsoemphasizestheprocessandresults.Task-BasedApproachusetherelativelyrealistictaskstomakestudentscompletethetaskingroupdiscussionorrole-playingandotheractivities,andthenstrengthentheinteractionbetweenteachersandstudents,motivatestudents’learninginterest,mobilizethestudents'positiveemotionalfactors,andcultivatestudents’awarenessandcognitiveabilities.Atthesametime,Task-Basedapproachalsoinspiresthestudentstosharetheirindividualexperiencesincetheyhavetocompletetheirtaskingroups,andthentrainthemtounderstand,operateanduselanguage.Extensive,in-depth,andcomplexlanguageusinghasbeenfullyreflectedthroughtheprocessofcompletingatask.Therefore,theTask-BasedApproachhasitsownuniquemeritsfromitsteachingaimsorfromitsteachingmodel,becausetheTask-BasedApproachnotonlyhastheadvantagesoftraditionalteachingmethodsbutalsohastheadvantagesofthecommunicativeteachingapproach.
TherearethreestagesoftheTask-BasedApproach,whicharepre-task,task-cycleandpost-task(Willis,1996).Thepre-taskisthepreparationstage;thetask-cycleistheimplementationstage,andpost-taskistheacceptanceandimprovementstage.Andthesethreestagesinfluencewitheachother.
ForthecurrentapplicationofTask-BasedApproach,thefirsttaskistofindtheproblemsofthelisteningteaching,whicharetwomajorproblemsintheteachingoflearningcomprehension.Oneisinthematerials,theotherisintheteachingmodels.
3.1Theproblemsinteachingmaterials
InthelisteningteachingofEnglishinjuniorhighschool,themostimportantproblemthattroublesteachersliesinthelisteningmaterials.Andtherearetwomainproblemsinthelisteningmaterials.Firstly,thelisteningmaterialsusuallyusedbyteachersarewrittenlanguageratherthanspokenEnglish,soitisdifficultforEnglishlearnerstounderstand.Certainly,onecannotdenythatthereisalotofspontaneousteacher-talkduringclass,butitisnotenoughtoimprovelearners’Englishlisteningability.Secondly,thecontentsofthematerialsoftendonotmatchthereallife.Manylisteningcomprehensionbooksusuallyincludemanylongpassagesratherthandialogueandmostofthembeyondthelearners’ability.Afterlistening,theyhavetodosomecomprehensionexercises,usuallymultiple-choice.Thisteachingapproachprovidesacertaintypeofpractice,butitisnotrelatedtoourreallife.Sothecourseofthelisteningcomprehensionissoboringtostudents.ThereisnodoubtthattheEnglishleanercannotimprovetheirlisteningability.
3.2TheProblemsofClassroomTeachingModel
Injuniorhighschool,mostteachersusuallypreparelisteningmaterialsbeforestartinglisteningclass.Theyusuallyuseasimilarwaytoteach,theyoftenplaythetapeseveraltimes,ifstudentscannotunderstandormemorythemainideaofthelisteningmaterials,teachersoftenrepeatthematerialsagainandagain.Andteachershelpstudentsbyexplainingthedifficultsentences.Finally,teachersusuallycheckandcorrecttheanswersstudentshavedone,thisisnotaclassoflisteningbutaclassoftestingstudents’memory,somostofthestudentsareverytiredafterclass.Thesemethodsofteachingnotonlyfailtoimprovestudents’listeningabilitybutalsomakethemloseconfidenceandinterestoflistening.Thiskindofclassignoresstudents’motivationtolearn,andneverbeabletoarousestudents’interest,alsodepressestheatmosphereandthefillingsofstudents.Themostimportantproblemisthatstudentsdonothaveanychancetocommunicateinnaturallanguages,letaloneknowingaboutthecharacteristicsaboutreal-lifecommunication.Fromthemethodofteachingtheirteacherusing,studentsdon’tgetanycommentsfromtheirteacher,asaresultthisteachingmethodisnotsatisfiedbymanyEnglishlearners.
Ⅳ.TheApplicationoftheTask-BasedApproachtotheEnglishListeningClass
TherearemanyproblemsaboutEnglishlisteningteaching,especiallyinruralareas
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- 任务 教学法 初中英语 听力 教学 中的 应用