西方思想经典 复习资料.docx

西方思想经典 复习资料.docx

《西方思想经典 复习资料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《西方思想经典 复习资料.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

西方思想经典复习资料

Unit1.

Leviticus利未记Numbers民数记Deuteronomy申命记

Genesis创世记Exodus出埃及记

Matthew,Mark,Luke,John

Hebrewpatriarchs（创始人）：

Abraham,IsaacandJacob

GodformedmanofthedustoftheGround,andbreathedintohisnostrils（鼻孔）thebreatheoflife,andmanbecamealivingsoul.

TheActsoftheApostles使徒行传

TheEpistles使教书信

TheRevelation启示录

GospelAccordingtoMatthew–NewTestament

Beatitudes（八福词）

Blessedarethepoorinspirit;Blessedaretheythatmourn（哀悼）;Blessedarethemeek（温驯）；Blessedaretheywhichdohungerandthirstafterrighteousness;Blessedarethemerciful;Blessedarethepureinheart（清心寡欲）；Blessedarethepeace-maker;Blessedaretheywhichpersecutedforrighteousness’ssake.

Saltandlight将真信徒比作盐和光

Houseuponarock聪明的人把房子建在岩石上

Houseuponthesand无知的人把房子建在沙土之上

Saltoftheearth精英份子

Miracleandwondersandsigns:

pervasiveactivities无所不在的行为

Thundersandlightning:

God’smightypower

⑦ajealousGod:

aGodwhotolerantnorivals

⑥originalsin:

istheChristiandoctrineofhumanity’sstateofsinresultingfromthefallofman,naturallythesinofeatingfruitsfromthetreeofknowledgeofGodandevilstemmingfromAdam’srebellinginEden.SaintAugustinelinkthistohumansexuality.

2.WhatarethedifferencebetweentheGodintheOldTestamentandJesusintheNewTestament?

Godiscruelandviolent;Jesusismercifulandgracious.Cursesandblesses,fearingGodandLovingGod.

Unit2.

Totheglory,thatmayGreece;

AndthegrandeurthatwasRoman!

TheDarkAge（1000—750?

BC）:

lackofwrittenrecords

ArchaicAge（750—480BC）古代时期

ClassicalAge（480—323BC）古典时期

TheApology申辩论—Socrates（469—399BC）

Socrates’sAccuser:

MeletusandAugtusandLycon\

Deathisadreamlesssleepandarelocationtoanotherplace

Socratesisaccusedof

1.Corruptingtheyoung

2.Notbelievinginthegodsofthecity

3.Believinginotherspirits

Plato（428—347BC）establishedthefirst“EuropeanUniversity”,theAcademyinAthens.

Forms:

Formsarethosechangeless,eternal,andnonmaterialessencesorpatternsofwhichtheactualvisibleobjectsweseeareonlypoorcopies.ThereistheFormoftheTriangle,andallthetrianglesweseearemerecopiesofthatForm.

AllegoryoftheCave：

①Imprisonmentinthecave

PlatohasSocratesdescribeagatheringofpeoplewhohavelivedchainedtothewallofacavealloftheirlives,facingablankwall.Thepeoplewatchshadowsprojectedonthewallfromthingspassinginfrontofafirebehindthem,andtheybegintogivenamestotheseshadows.Theshadowsareascloseastheprisonersgettoviewingreality.

②Departurefromthecave

Platothensupposesthatoneprisonerisfreed,beingforcedtoturnandseethefire.Thelightwouldhurthiseyesandmakeithardforhimtoseetheobjectsthatarecastingtheshadows.Butslowly,hiseyesadjusttothelightofthesun.Firsthecanonlyseeshadows.Graduallyhecanseethereflectionsofpeopleandthingsinwaterandthenlaterseethepeopleandthingsthemselves.Eventuallyheisabletolookatthestarsandmoonatnightuntilfinallyhecanlookuponthesunitself.

③Returntothecave

Platocontinues,sayingthatthefreedprisonerwouldthinkthattherealworldwassuperiortotheworldheexperiencedinthecave,hewouldwanttobringhisfellowcavedwellersoutofthecaveandintothesunlight.Thereturningprisoner,whoseeyeshavebecomeacclimatedtothelightofthesun,wouldbeblindwhenhere-entersthecave,justashewaswhenhewasfirstexposedtothesun.Theprisoners,accordingtoSocrates,wouldinferfromthereturningman'sblindnessthatthejourneyoutofthecavehadharmedhimandthattheyshouldnotundertakeasimilarjourney.Socratesconcludesthattheprisoners,iftheywereable,wouldthereforereachoutandkillanyonewhoattemptedtodragthemoutofthecave

TheworldweseearetheworldofForms.Knowledgeofformsisinnate,theyareabstractandweknowthemthroughoursoul,throughintuition.EveryobjectweseecopiesaForm.TheseobjectsarejustshadowofaForm.WecancometograsptheFormswithourheadscultivatedbyinstructors.

AxialAge:

KarlJasperscreatedtheterm“AxialAge”ofhumancivilizationfortheperiod800-200BCexemplifiedbyworld’sgreatestspiritualleadersinTheOriginandGodofHistory.Themostextraordinaryeventsareconcentratedinthisperiod.EverythingimpliedduringthesefewcenturiesalmostsimultaneouslyinChina,IndiaandtheWest,withoutanyoneoftheseregionsknowingoftheothers.

14.WhatisPlato’sidealstatecomposedof?

Thelowestclass（merchantclass）aregovernedbytheirappetite,thesoldier（militaryclass）isgovernedbyhiswill,thephilosophicpersonisgovernedbyreason.

Inthebestformofgovernment,whichPlatoconsiderstobearistocracy,justice

occurswheneachofthesetypesofpersondoeshisaappointedtask;thismeansthatjusticeisservedwheneveryonekeepshisorherplace.Thisisruledbyagroupofcarefullytrainedmenandwomenoverfifty,whoareallphilosophers

Unit3.

Lyceum逍遥学派

10.DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle?

Platoobservedtheworldwiththewayofmathematics.HeisanidealistandinterestedinForms.Heapplieddeduction（fromgeneraltospecific）andlookedfortheidealstate.Aristotlewasmoreinterestedinsenseandbecameanempiricistwiththewayofbiology.Heappliedthewayofinduction（fromspecifictogeneral）,seekingsolutionproblemsofliving.

ThePolitics政治学--Aristotle

15.WhatarethetrueformsandperversionsofgovernmentaccordingtoAristotle?

Thetrueformsofgovernmentarethoseinwhichtheone,orthefew,orthemany,governwithaviewtothecommoninterest.Butgovernmentwhichrulewithaviewtotheprivateinterest,whetheroftheoneorofthefew,orofthemany,areperversions,andtheperversionareasfollowsofroyalty,tyranny;ofaristocracy（贵族政体）,oligarchy（寡头政府）;ofconstitutiongovernment,democracy.

Doctrineofmean中庸applicationofreasontofulfillone’sinnateabilities.

中庸thenatureofhappiness,assertingthathumanhappinessderivesfrom“self-sufficiency”

OntheLaws–Cicero（Roman106—43BC）

Theprincipleofnaturallawwasopentoreasonandhumanjudgments

3.WhatisthelawmeantinCicero’sOntheLaws?

HowdoesCicero’slawdifferentfromthelawwemeanttoday?

⑴Thereare3categoriesoflaw.

Citizenlaw：

privatelawandpubliclaw

Lawofnations:

beginningofinternationallaw

Naturallaw：

therewereuniversalrulesofconductthatflowfrompeopleasrationalbeings,irrespectiveofwhereorwhentheylive.

18

⒅.Cosmopolitanism:

Allpeoplearecitizensofthesamehumancommunity.

}Tolookattheworldprocessasadramaistoadmitthateveryonehasaroleinit.

}Whatrelatespeopletoeachotheristhefactthateachpersonsharesacommonelement.

}ItisasthoughtheLogosisamaintelephonelineandallpeopleareonaconferencecall,thereforeconnectingGodtoallpeopleandpeopletoeachother.

Ethics伦理主义13.TheRomanworldcontributedJesustoWesterncivilization,butanequallyimportantcontributionistheRomanlaws,militaryartandciviladministration.Justiceisthebondofmeninstates

Unit4.

ConstantinetheGreat君士坦丁大帝Byzantium拜占庭Constantinople君士坦丁堡Istanbul伊斯坦布尔TheEarlyMiddleAge（350—1050）TheHighMiddleAge（1050—1300）TheLateMiddleAge（1300—1450）

⒄thePatristicera（教父时期）:

TheperiodextendingfromthebeginningoftheChristianspeculation（思索）tothetimeofSt.AugustineisknownasthePatristicerainphilosophyandtheology.ThiseraincludedPlatonismandunderestimatedtheimportanceofAristotle.

⒃Scholasticism（经院哲学）：

thephilosophicalandtheologicalmovementthatattemptedtousenaturalhumanreason.

⒀theAgeofFaith:

During the Medieval Agesfromthe5thcenturytothe15thcenturyinEuropeanhistory there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and 

learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages 

is also called the “Age of Faith”

TheEnchiridion（手册）—St.Augustine（354—430）

⒁TheEnchiridion:

ItisawritingofSt.Augustine.AChristianlaymanwantedahandbook（Enchiridion）whichwouldsumuptheessentialChristianteachinginthebriefestpossibleform.TheshortedcompletesummaryoftheChristianfaithAugustinesaidisthatGodistobeservedbymaninfaith,hopeandlove.Heproceedstoexpandinanessayhisanswerthatheacknowledgedtobetoobrief.Itisa“consciouseffortofthetheologicalmagistrateofWesternChurchtostandonfinalgroundoftestimonytotheChristiantruth.”This“Enchiridion”or“manual”isaboldexpressionatthetimeofwhatwetendtoacceptascommontalkstoday.

⑸Freewill:

Evilorsinistheproductofthewill.Inspiteofthefactoforiginalsin,westillpossesthefreedomofthewill.Butweusefreewillwrongly.Evenwhenwechooserightly,wedon’tpossessthespiritualpowertodothegoodwehavechosen.WemusthavethehelpofGod’sgrace.Whereaseviliscausedbyfreewill,virtueisnottheproductofourwillbutofGod’sgrace.

4.WhatistruelibertyaccordingtoAugustine?

SummaContraGentiles反异教大全ThomasAquinas

Hetriestobuildtheconsonance（协调）betweenphilosopher’squestformundane（世俗）truthbasedonreasonandChristian’squestfordivinetruthbasedonrevelation（启示）.ItisliterallymeanssummaryagainsttheGentiles.

Thedivineintellectsurpassestheangelicintellectmuchmorethantheangelicsurpassesthehuman.

5.WhyisreasonaloneunreliableaccordingtoAugustine?

Threedisadvantagewouldresultifdivinetruthwereleftsolelytotheinquiryof