00831自考英语语法简答题.docx
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00831自考英语语法简答题.docx
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00831自考英语语法简答题
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOne1
00831自考英语语法简答题
Chapter
1.Presentthegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder.请给出语法单位等级结构图。
Hierarchyofgrammaticalunits
Atextconsistsofoneormoresentences
Asentenceconsistsofoneormoreclauses
Aclauseconsistsofoneormorephrases
Aphraseconsistsofoneormorewords
Awordconsistsofoneormoremorphemes
Amorpheme
Ingrammaticalterms,whileasentenceisthelargestunit(ofatext),awordisthesmallest,thelowestrankunittowhichagrammaticalfunctioncanbeassigned.However,asentencecanteamupwithothersentencestoformalargerlinguisticunit-text,andawordisnotthesmallestmeaningfulelementinthewritingsystem.Itcanbreakintosmallerelementswhicharecalledmorphemes.Sowehavetheaboveextendedhierarchyofgrammaticalunits.
2.Definemorpheme,freemorpheme,boundmorpheme,morphandallomorph.请给词素,自由词素,粘附词素,形素和词素变体下定义。
1)Whatisamorpheme?
Amorphemeistheminimaldistinctivegrammaticalunit,andisthelowestunitingrammaticalhierarchy.Morphemesareactuallyabstractelementsofanalysis.Whatoccursisanorthographicforminwritingtermed"morph"whichrealizesthemorpheme.
词素是语法的最小区别性单位,即最低一级的语法单位。
词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。
词素是抽象的形式成分,在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现。
2)Whatarefreemorphemeandboundmorpheme?
Afreemorphemeisamorphemethathasameaningofitsownandcanbeusedindependently.Afreemorphemecanbeasimplewordortherootofaderivative.
Aboundmorphemeisamorphemethatdoesn'thaveameaningofitsownandcan'tbeusedindependently.Boundmorphemesonlypossessadditionalorgrammaticalmeanings.
Generallyspeaking,freemorphemesoftencarrythemeaningandboundmorphemesoftenshowgrammaticalfeatures.
3)Whatmorphandallomorph?
Amorphistherealizationofanorthographicforminwritingoraphoneticforminspeakingofamorpheme.
Anallomorphisanindistinctivevariantofamorpheme.
3.Distinguishroot,stem,andbaseasmorphologicalterms.(从形态上区分词根、词干、词基三个概念)
Whatisaroot,astemorabase?
Theymayrefertothesamethinginsomecases,buttheyaredifferent.
Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisnotfurtheranalyzableinmorphologicalterms.
Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.
Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.
4.Whatarethesemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffix
前缀和后缀在语义和功能上有何区别?
Theobvioussemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffixisthatthevastmajorityofprefixesdonotchangetheoriginalwordclass,andtheytendtobesemanticallyoriented,thatis,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.
However,suffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes,theydon'ttendtobesemanticallychanged.
5.Nameatleastfivemethodsofword-formationandciteexamplesforeach.(举例说明至少五种构词法)
词缀法、复合法、转换法、拼缀法、逆生法、缩略法、首字母缩略法
1)Affixation-awordisformedbyattachingalessermorpheme,anaffixtoamajorelement,i.e.abase(whichmayalreadyhaveoneormoreaffixesincorporatedinit).
dislike,inexperienced,freedom…
2)CompositionCawordisformedbycompoundingmorethanonebaseandthiswordfunctionsbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Compoundnouns-manservant,girl-friend,cut-throat,snowfall,deadline,aftermath,dropout;
Compoundverbs,compoundadjectives,compoundprepositions,compoundconjunction,andcompoundpronouns,rhymedcompoundCneo-classiccompounds….
3)ConversionCis"thederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.
4)BlendingCablendisawordformedfrompartsoftwoormoreotherwords.
motel,smog,newscast,medicare
5)BackformationCmanynounsareformedfromverbs,suchasworkerandbackformationreferstoasimilarprocessonlyreversed.
babysittercamebeforebabysit,chainsmokecameafterchainsmoker
6)ShorteningCshorteningisaprocesswherebypartofawordisclippedsothattheoriginalword,usuallypolysyllabic,isshortenedtoasmallerword.
adforadvertisement,phonefortelephone….
7)AcronymCAnacronymisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.Alphabetisms(UFO,UN,pronouncedassequencesofletters),andacronyms(NATO,BASIC,laser,pronouncedasaword).
6.Citeexamplesforthesimpleverbphrase,thecomplexverbphrase,thefiniteverbphraseandthenon-finiteverbphrase.举例说明简单动词词组,复杂动词词组,限定性动词词组和非限定性动词词组。
Averbphrasethatgoeswithoutauxiliariesistermed"thesimpleverbphrase",whichisjustamainverbor"modifier+mainverb";withauxiliaries,"thecomplexverbphrase".
Enjoysin"Johnenjoysbeingflattered."And"fullyappreciate"in"Ifullyappreciateyourgenerosity."areofsimpleverbphrase.
Evenexpertscanmakemistakes.Inthissentence"canmake"isacomplexverbphrase.
Theheadwordorthefirstelementofafiniteverbphraseisafiniteverb,whichbearsthetensemarkerandinsomecaseskeepsinconcordwiththesubject,asin:
Suelikesblackcoffee.Anon-finiteverbphraseisaphrasewhosefirstelementisanon-finiteverbfreeoftheconstraintsthatafiniteverbissubjectto,andhasthreenon-finiteforms.
Ididn'texpectyoutobehere.Shehatesbeingcalledbythewrongname.
7.Whatarethesevenclausepatterns
什么是七种基本的句型?
Accordingtotheirstructure,clausesfallsintosevenmajorpatterns:
SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SVAandSVOA.
S=subject,V=verb,C=complement,O=object,A=adverbial
8.Definethefiniteclausesandthenon-finiteclauses.什么是限定分句什么是非限定分句
Thefiniteclausesaretheonesthathavesubjectsandfiniteverbsaspredicates.
Thenon-finiteclausesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaidandverbsinnon-finiteforms.
9.Definethesimplesentence,thecompoundsentenceandthecomplexsentence.给简单句,并列句和复合句下定义。
Aone-clausesentenceistermedasimplesentence;asimplesentencecontainsoneclause.
Inasentencewithmorethanoneclause,iftheclausesarerelatedtooneanotherbycoordination,thissentenceiscalledacompoundsentence;bysubordinationacomplexsentence.
10.Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext
我们为什么要超出句子而去学习语篇?
Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Itisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressourideas.Whenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmorethanonesentence,wehaveatext,whichrelatessentencestogether.Inotherwords,sentencesinatextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas.
ChapterTwo
1.Whatarethefourmajortypesofsentencesandwhatdiscoursefunctionsaretheynormallyassociatedwith
英语句子分为哪四种主要类型其语段功能是什么
ThefourtypesofsentencesinEnglisharedeclaratives,interrogatives,imperativesandexclamatives.
Declarativesareconcernedwithgivinginformationandassociatedwithstatements.
Interrogativesareprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringinformationandassociatedwithquestions.
Imperativesareprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringactionsandassociatedwithcommands.
Exclamativesareprimarilyconcernedwithexpressingthespeaker'simpressionofsomethingandassociatedwithexclamations.
2.Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon-assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestions.解释在哪种情况下我们在肯定句中用非肯定词和在问句中用肯定词
Inaffirmativesentencesinwhichthereareifclauses,putativeshouldclauses,andcomparativeclauses,non-assertivewordscanbeused.Non-assertivewordscanalsobeusedafterwordswithnegativeimport.
Whenapositiveanswerisexpected,assertivewordscanbeusedinquestions,suchas:
IstheresomenewsformeIssomebodywaitingforme
3.Howdowedeterminethescopeofnegation
如何确定否定范围
Therearefiveaspectsthatdeterminethescopeofnegation:
1)Fromthenegativewordtotheendofthesentence:
Idon'tknowhimatall.
2)Differentintonationonanend-placeadverbial:
Hedidn'tworkallthe(∨)week.=It'snottruethatheworkedalltheweek.
3)Disjunctsorconjunctsareexcludedinthescope:
Sureenough,nobodyisgoingtohelphim.
4)Aparticularstress:
Idon'tliketogoshoppingwithMaryonweekends.
5)Allandeveryindifferentstresses:
Allhisbooksdidnotsellwell.Whenalloreveryisstressed,itispartialnegation.
4.WhataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithWhatistheirsharedsemanticfeature哪些动词后经常出现否定转移它们共同的语义特征是什么
Transferrednegationoftenoccurswithsuchverbsthatexpressopinionasthink,believe,suppose,imagine,expect.
Ithinkthathewon'tcometomorrow.(strongernegativeforce)Idon'tthinkhe'llcometomorrow.(farmorecommon)Idon'timagineTonywilllearnfromthislesson,willhe?
5.Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaYES-NOquestionperform一般疑问句除了对陈述句的真实性发问外,还有什么其他作用?
Theymayberegardedasthespeaker'sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeinatentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumption.Theyarelikeimperatives.
Won'tyoucomein?
Theycanalsobelikeexclamations.Suchas:
Isn'titlovely?
6.WhatistheprimaryfunctionofaWH-question
特殊问句最主要的功能是什么?
Spokenwithafinalfallingtone,WH-questionsaresometimescalled"informationquestions"becausetheyrequiresomespecificinformationinthereply.Theydonotquerythetruthofthestatement,whichistypicallyperformedbyYES-NOquestions:
rather,theyaskfordetailsaboutapartofit.
Or:
TheprimaryfunctionofaWH-questionistoaskforinformati
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