smart power.docx
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smart power.docx
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smartpower
Smartpower
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
In internationalrelations,theterm smartpower referstothecombinationof hardpower and softpower strategies.Itisdefinedbythe CenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies as"anapproachthatunderscoresthenecessityofastrongmilitary,butalsoinvestsheavilyinalliances,partnerships,andinstitutionsofalllevelstoexpandAmericaninfluenceandestablishlegitimacyofAmericanaction."[1]
JosephNye,formerAssistantSecretaryofDefenseundertheClintonAdministrationandauthorofseveralbooksonsmartpowerstrategy,suggeststhatthemosteffectivestrategiesinforeignpolicytodayrequireamixofhardandsoftpowerresources.Employingonlyhardpoweroronlysoftpowerinagivensituationwillusuallyproveinadequate.[2] Nyeutilizestheexampleof terrorism,arguingthatcombattingterrorismdemandssmartpowerstrategy.HeadvisesthatsimplyutilizingsoftpowerresourcestochangetheheartsandmindsoftheTalibangovernmentwouldbeineffectiveandrequiresahardpowercomponent.IndevelopingrelationshipswiththemainstreamMuslimworld,however,softpowerresourcesarenecessaryandtheuseofhardpowerwouldhavedamagingeffects.
Accordingto ChesterA.Crocker,smartpower"involvesthestrategicuseofdiplomacy,persuasion,capacitybuilding,andtheprojectionofpowerandinfluenceinwaysthatarecost-effectiveandhavepoliticalandsociallegitimacy" –essentiallytheengagementofbothmilitaryforceandallformsofdiplomacy.[3]
Origin[edit]
Theoriginoftheterm"smartpower"isunderdebateandhasbeenattributedtoboth SuzanneNossel and JosephNye.
SuzanneNossel,DeputytoAmbassadorHolbrookeattheUnitedNationsduringtheClintonadministration,iscreditedwithcoiningtheterminanarticlein ForeignAffairs entitled,"SmartPower:
ReclaimingLiberalInternationalism",in2004.[4]
JosephNye,however,claimsthatsmartpowerisatermheintroducedin2003"tocounterthemisperceptionthatsoftpoweralonecanproduceeffectiveforeignpolicy."[5] Hecreatedthetermtonameanalternativetothehardpower-drivenforeignpolicyoftheBushadministration.Nyenotesthatsmartpowerstrategydenotestheabilitytocombinehardandsoftpowerdependingonwhetherhardorsoftpowerwouldbemoreeffectiveinagivensituation.Hestatesthatmanysituationsrequiresoftpower;however,instoppingNorthKorea'snuclearweaponsprogram,forinstance,hardpowermightbemoreeffectivethansoftpower.[6]Inthewordsofthe FinancialTimes,"towinthepeace,therefore,theUSwillhavetoshowasmuchskillinexercisingsoftpowerasithasinusinghardpowertowinthewar."[7] Smartpoweraddressesmultilateralismandenhancesforeignpolicy.
AsuccessfulsmartpowernarrativefortheUnitedStatesinthetwenty-firstcentury,Nyeargues,willnotobsessoverpowermaximizationorthepreservationofhegemony.Rather,itwillfind"waystocombineresourcesintosuccessfulstrategiesinthenewcontextofpowerdiffusionandthe'riseoftherest.'"[8] Asuccessfulsmartpowerstrategywillprovideanswerstothefollowingquestions:
1)Whatgoalsoroutcomesarepreferred?
[9] 2)Whatresourcesareavailableandinwhichcontexts?
[9] 3)Whatarethepositionsandpreferencesofthetargetsofattemptsatinfluence?
[9] 4)Whichformsofpowerbehavioraremostlikelytosucceed?
[10] 5)Whatistheprobabilityofsuccess?
[10]
HistoryofsmartpowerintheUnitedStates[edit]
The"term"smartpoweremergedinthepastdecade,butthe"concept"ofsmartpowerhasmuchearlierrootsinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesandisapopularnotionininternationalrelationstoday.
1901:
PresidentTheodoreRooseveltproclaims:
"Speaksoftlyandcarryabigstick."
1948:
TheUnitedStatesinitiatesmajorpeacetimesoftpowerprogramsundertheauthorityoftheSmith-MundtAct,includingbroadcasting,exchangeandinformationworldwidetocombattheoutreachoftheSovietUnion.
1991:
TheendoftheColdWarwasmarkedbythecollapseoftheBerlinWall,whichfellasaresultofacombinationofhardandsoftpower.ThroughouttheColdWar,hardpowerwasusedtodeterSovietaggressionandsoftpowerwasusedtoerodefaithinCommunism.JosephNyesaid:
"WhentheBerlinWallfinallycollapsed,itwasdestroyednotbyartillerybarragebutbyhammersandbulldozerswieldedbythosewhohadlostfaithincommunism."[11]
2004:
JosephS.Nyeintroducestheterm"smartpower"inhisbook,"SoftPower:
TheMeanstoSuccessinWorldPolitics"."Smartpowerisneitherhardnorsoft.Itisboth,"hewrites.[12] Inanarticlein"ForeignAffairs",analystSuzanneNosselusestheterm"smartpower".ForNossel,"SmartpowermeansknowingthattheUnitedStates'ownhandisnotalwaysitsbesttool:
U.S.interestsarefurtheredbyenlistingothersonbehalfofU.S.goals."[13]
2007:
Inlightof9/11andthewarinIraq,theBushadministrationwascriticizedforplacingtoomuchemphasisonahardpowerstrategy.Tocounterthishardpowerstrategy,the CenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies releasedthe"CommissiononSmartPower"tointroducetheconceptofsmartpowerintodiscussiononwhichprinciplesshouldguidethefutureofU.S.foreignpolicyinlightof9/11andthewarinIraq.[1] ThereportidentifiesfivecriticalareasoffocusfortheU.S.:
Alliances,GlobalDevelopment,PublicDiplomacy,EconomicIntegration,andTechnologyandInnovation.[1] Accordingtothereport,thesefivegoalsconstitutesmartforeignpolicyandwillhelptheUnitedStatesachievethegoalof"Americanpreeminenceasanagentofgood."[1]
2009:
TheCenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies,releasedasecondreport,"InvestinginaNewMultilateralism",toaddresstheconceptofsmartpowerininternationalreleases.ThisreportaddressedtheUnitedNationsasaninstrumentofU.S.smartpower.BycollaboratingwiththeUN,theU.S.canleadthewayinreinvigoratingmultilateralismwithinintheinternationalcommunityinthe21stcentury.[14]
2009:
UndertheObamaadministration,smartpowerbecameacoreprincipleofhisforeignpolicystrategy.Itwaspopularizedby HillaryClinton duringherSenateconfirmationhearingonJanuary13,2009forthepositionofSecretaryofState.Both SuzanneNossel and JosephNye weresupportiveofClinton'sencouragementofsmartpower,sinceitwouldpopularizetheuseofsmartpowerinU.S.foreignpolicy.[15]
Wemustusewhathasbeencalledsmartpower---thefullrangeoftoolsatourdisposal---diplomatic,economic,military,political,legal,andcultural---pickingtherighttool,orcombinationoftools,foreachsituation.Withsmartpower,diplomacywillbethevanguardofforeignpolicy.[16]
2010:
The"FirstQuadrennialDiplomacyandDevelopmentReview(QDDR)"entitled,"LeadingthroughCivilianPower",calledfortheimplementationofasmartpowerstrategythroughcivilianleadership.[17]
2011:
Obama's"2011MaySpeechontheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica"calledforasmartpowerstrategy,incorporatingdevelopment,inadditiontodefenseanddiplomacy,asthethirdpillarofhisforeignpolicydoctrine.[18]
Contemporaryapplication[edit]
Inrecentyears,somescholarshavesoughttodifferentiatesmartpowerfurtherfromsoftpower,whilealsoincludingmilitarypostureandothertoolsofstatecraftaspartofabroadsmartpowerphilosophy. ChristianWhiton,a StateDepartment officialduringthe GeorgeW.Bushadministration,describedsmartpowerina2013book, SmartPower:
BetweenDiplomacyandWar,as:
"themanyfinancial,cultural,rhetorical,economic,espionage-related,andmilitaryactionsthatstatescantakeshortofgeneralwartoinfluencepoliticaloutcomesabroad,"adding,"Itmostcruciallyshouldinvolvearevivalofpoliticalwarfare:
thenon-violentpushofideas,people,facts,andeventswithwhichouradversarieswouldrathernotcontend."[19] WhitonrecalledU.S.politicalinfluenceactivitiesfromthe ColdWar,includingCIA-backedprogramslikethe CongressforCulturalFreedom,andcalledforadaptingthesetocontemporarychallengestotheU.S.posedbyChina,Iran,andIslamists.[20]
Challengesintheapplicationofsmartpower[edit]
Accordingto"DealingwithToday'sAsymmetricThreattoU.S.andGlobalSecurity",asymposiumsponsoredby CACI,aneffectivesmartpowerstrategyfacesmultiplechallengesintransitioningfromsmartpowerasatheorytosmartpowerinpractice.Applyingsmartpowertodayrequiresgreatdifficulty,sinceitoperatesinanenvironmentofasymmetricthreats,rangingfromcybersecuritytoterrorism.Thesethreatsexistinadynamicinternationalenvironment,addingyetanotherchallengetotheapplicationofsmartpowerstrategy.Inordertoeffectivelyaddressasymmetricthreatsarisinginadynamicinternationalenvironment,thesymposiumsuggestsaddressingthefollowingfactors:
ruleoflaw,organizationalroadblocks,financingsmartpower,andstrategiccommunications.[21]
Ruleoflaw[edit]
Inordertoimplementsmartpowerapproachesonbothadomesticandinternationallevel,theUnitedStatesmustdevelopalegalframeworkfortheuseofsmartpowercapabilities.Developingalegalfoundationforsmartpower,however,demandsaclearconceptoftheseasymmetricthreats,whichisoftendifficult.Thecyberdomain,forinstance,presentsanextremelynebulousconcept.Hence,thechallengewillbeconceptualizingasymmetricthreatsbeforeformulatingalegalframework.[21]
Organizationalroadblocks[edit]
Theinabilitytopromotesmartpowerapproachesbecauseoforganizationalfailureswithinagenciespresentsanotherobstacletosuccessfulsmartpowerimplementation.Agenciesoftenlackeithertheappropriateauthorityorresourcestoemploys
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