How to Expand the English Vocabulary of Middle School Students 如何提高初中生的英语词汇量.docx
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How to Expand the English Vocabulary of Middle School Students 如何提高初中生的英语词汇量.docx
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HowtoExpandtheEnglishVocabularyofMiddleSchoolStudents如何提高初中生的英语词汇量
本科毕业论文(设计)
如何提高初中生的英语词汇量
姓名
系别
外语系
专业
英语
申请学位
学士学位
指导教师
职称
日期
2012年5月
HowtoExpandtheEnglishVocabularyof
MiddleSchoolStudents
AGraduationThesisSubmittedby
KongXiang
InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
For
TheDegreeofBachelorofArts
IntheSubjectofEnglishLinguistics
To
DepartmentofForeignLanguages
Of
LuliangUniversity
Supervisor:
May,15,2012
Outline
1Introduction
2Englishvocabulary
2.1TheimportanceofEnglishvocabulary
2.2ThestructureofEnglishvocabulary
2.2.1Thebasicword-formation
2.2.2Otherword-formationcategories
2.3ThemeaningofEnglishvocabulary
2.3.1Thedescriptivemeaning
2.3.2Theexpressingmeaning
2.3.3Theevocativemeaning
3CurrentproblemsinlearningEnglishvocabulary
4Solutions
4.1Input
4.1.2Frequency
4.1.2Pronunciation
4.1.3Contextualization
4.2Storage
4.2.1Depthofprocessing
4.2.2Buildingwordnetworks
4.3Otherdetailmethods
4.3.1Guessingwordsincontext
4.3.2Usingmnemonictechniques
4.3.3Usingprefixes,rootsandsuffixes
4.3.4Culturalfactorsinthebuildingofmeaning
5Conclusion
HowtoExpandtheEnglishVocabularyof
MiddleSchoolStudents
Abstract:
ThepaperbeginswiththeintroductionoftheEnglishvocabulary(includingthestructureandthekindsoflexicalmeaningofEnglishwords)andtheimportanceofEnglishvocabulary.Atthesametime,itpointsoutsomeproblemsintheEnglishvocabularylearninginthemiddleschools.Thenwithmanythoughtsabouttheseproblems,variousmethodsoflearningEnglishvocabularycomeintobeing.AndonlyifdoweknowthecontentsandfeatureswellandapplythesemethodsvalidlytheEnglishvocabularylearningcanbeimprovedtoalargeextent.
Keywords:
Englishvocabularymiddleschoolstudentsstructureproblemsmethods
如何提高初中生的英语词汇量
摘要:
通过介绍英语词汇的特点(包括结构和英语词汇的含义)以及英语词汇的重要性,进而指出当前初中生学习英语词汇的问题。
然后列举针对这次问题的解决方法和途径。
只有充分了解英语词汇的特点和内容,适当运用这些方法,才能使学习者轻松高效地扩大英语词汇量。
关键字:
英语词汇初中生结构问题途径方法
HowtoExpandtheEnglishVocabularyof
MiddleSchoolStudents
1Introduction
Itiswidelyknownthatvocabulary,thebuildingmaterial,isessentialtoalanguage.Itisoneofthethreebasiccomponents(pronunciation,vocabularyandgrammar),andisofutmostimportancetopeople’scommunicationandlanguagelearning.Languageemergesfirstaswords,andthecomingofnewwordsneverstops.Pronunciationandgrammararepresentedbyvocabulary.
Therefore,acquiringadequatevocabularyisofcriticalimportancetolanguagelearners.Itisclearthatwithoutaknowledgeofwords,languagelearningwillturnouttobeacastleintheair.
Anagendaofthispapermightwellcontainthefollowing:
—Whatexactlydolearnerslearnaboutawordwhentheyacquireit?
—Howisasecondlanguagelearner’smentallexiconorganizedandhowdoesitdevelopovertime?
—What’sthecurrentproblemswhenlearnerslearningthevocabulary?
—Howdolearnerslearnthevocabularyeffectively?
2Englishvocabulary
2.1TheimportanceofEnglishvocabulary
ThelinguistDavidWilkinsoncesummeduptheimportanceofvocabularyinhisbookLinguisticsandLanguageTeaching:
Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed(1972:
23).Itisalsosaidthatspendingmostofone’stimeonwordsandexpressionsratherthangrammarwillimproveone’sEnglishverymuch,andwithoutenoughwordsonecannotcommunicatewithothers,nomatterhowwonderfulhisgrammarandpronunciationare,becausevocabularyisthecarrierforpeopletocommunicatewitheachother.Toachievethepurposeofcommunication,peopleneedtolearnvocabularyfirst.Wordsenablepeopletospeak,readandwritewithclarity,confidenceandcharm.Furthermore,tolearnanewlanguageistosomedegreetobuildanewnetwork,whichisexpressedbyvocabulary.Theseleadtothefactthatvocabularyformstheverybackboneandessenceofanylanguage.
Generallyspeaking,vocabularythatalearnerownsmostconspicuouslyreflectshisorherEnglishlevel,whichinfersthat,tomasteralanguage,alargevocabularyisnecessaryanditisveryimportantforlearnerstomemorizeagreatmanywords.Therefore,theimportanceofvocabularyestablishesitabasicandcrucialpositioninlanguageteachingandlearning.ScholarsrepresentedbyLewis(1993)evenputforwardthatvocabularyshouldbethecenteroflanguageteachingandlearning.
2.2ThestructureofEnglishvocabulary
2.2.1Thebasicword-formation
2.2.1.1Derivation
InEnglish,derivationalmorphemesaremainlyprefixesandsuffixes.Theseaffixesoftenchangethepartofspeechofthenew,derivedwordfromthatofthestem.Theaffixestherebyhelpustoidentifyrelationwithinwords.
1)PrefixesandSuffixes
Itshouldbeobviousthatsomeaffixeshavetobeaddedtothebeginningofaword(e.g.un-).Thesearecalledprefixes.Theotheraffixformsareaddedtotheendoftheword(e.g.-ish)andarecalledsuffixes.
AllEnglishwordsformedbythisderivationalprocessuseeitherprefixesorsuffixes,orboth.Thus,misleadhasaprefix,disrespectfulhasbothaprefixandasuffix,andfoolishnesshastwosuffixes.Thereisathirdtypeofaffix,notnormallytobefoundinEnglish,butfairlycommoninsomeotherlanguages.Thisiscalledaninfixand,asthetermsuggest,itisanaffixwhichisincorporatedinsideanotherword.
2)FormationofNewWord
Someofthemorphologicalrulesareproductive:
theycanbeusedfreelytoformnewwordsfromthelistoffreeandboundmorphemes.Thesuffix–ableisamorphemethatcanbefreelyconjoinedwithverbstoderiveanadjectivewiththemeaningoftheverbandthemeaningof–able,whichissomethinglike“abletobe,”asinaccept+able,blame+able,pass+able,change+able,breathe+able,adapt+able,andsoon.Themeaningof–ablehasalsobeengivenas“fitfordoing”or“fitforbeendone”.
Sucharulemightbestatedas:
(1)VERB+able=abletobeVERB-ed
Accept+able=abletobeaccepted
(2)un+ADJETIVE=“not+ADJECTIVE
un+accept+able=unacceptable
2.2.1.2Compounding
Wordsliketypewriter,workshop,tractor-driverareformedbyputtingtwowordstogether.Thiswayofbuildingnewwordsiscalledcompounding.Compoundingisaproductivewayofwordformation.Bymeansofcompounding,twofreemorphemesarecombinedtoformacompound.Compoundshavestrictpatterns.Thefirstelementinthecompoundreceivesthemainstress,butitisgenerallythesecondelementthatdeterminesthecompound'snewwordclass.Forexample,inblackbirdthesecondelement(bird)isanounandthecompoundasawholeremainsanoun.Thiselementiscalledtheheadofthecompound.Itbelongstooneofthethreemajorwordclasses:
noun,verboradjective.Thefirstelementcanalsobeanyoneofthesethree.Thuswehavethreepatternsofcompounds,eachwiththreemembers.
(1)nouncompounds
a.noun+noun:
armchair,rainbow
b.verb+noun:
pickpocket,washcloth
c.adjective+noun:
highchair,bluebird
(2)verbcompounds
a.noun+verb:
tovacuum-clean,tomanhandle
b.verb+verb:
tosleep-walk
c.adjective+verb:
todry-clean,tohighlight
(3)adjectivecompounds
a.noun+adjective:
color-blind,snow-white
b.verb+adjective:
stir-crazy
c.adjective+adjective:
dark-blue,pale-yellow
2.2.1.3Conversion
Manywordshavemorethanonepartofspeech.Anouncanbecomeaverbeasilyandaverbcanbeusedasanoun.Suchinstancesarecalledconversion.Conversionisaspecialcaseofderivation:
insteadofaddinganaffixtoastem,thestemtakesazeroform,i,e.onethatispresent,butinvisible.Forexample,thewordbank(noun)becomesbank(verb)byaddingtheverbclassstatustoit.Thatiswhyconversionisalsocalledzeroderivation.
ConversionisparticularlyproductiveinmodernEnglish.Itcaninvolvethefollowingmajortypes:
noun→verb:
He'spaperingthebedroomwalls.They'revacationinginFrance.
verb→noun:
aguess,amust,aspy
verb→adjective:
see-throughmaterial,astand-upcomedian
adjective→verb:
todirty,toempty,tototal
adjective→noun:
acrazy,anasty
2.2.2Otherword-formationcategories
2.2.2.1Abbreviation
1)ClippedWord
Clippingisonewayinwhichwechangewords.Wemayshortendormitorytodormandtherebycreateanewword,orwemaychangecondominiumtocondo.Weusethelongertermifthesituationismoreformalandtheshortertermifthesituationismoreinformal.Somespellerschoosetowritetheclippedformofsomewords.Aclippedwordisawordshortenedbycommonuse.Clippedwordsarefavoredbecausetheyareeasiertospell.Thechallengeoccurswhenstudentsareaskedtowritethelongerformofaclippedword.Somecommonclippedwordsarelistedbelow.
ad–advertisementauto–automobilebike–bicycleburger–hamburger
cuke–cucumberref–refereeplane–airplaneteen–teenager
2)Initialism
Somenewwordsarecomposedofthefirstlettersofaseriesofwordsandpronouncedbysayingeachletterinthem,suchasCD[si:
'di:
](compactdisk),VIP[vi:
ai'pi:
](veryimportantperson)andWTO[dΛblju:
ti:
əư](WorldTradeOrganization).Thiskindofwordsarecalledinitialisms.Otherexamplesare:
CPU:
centralprocessingunit
DVD:
digitalvideodisc
ID:
identificationcard
3)Acronym
Somenewwordsareformedfromthefirstlettersofaseriesofwords.Theyarepronouncedassinglewords,asinNATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)andUNESCO(theUnitedNationsEducational,Social,andCulturalOrganization).Wordsofthiskindarecalledacronyms.Someotherexamplesare:
APEC:
AsiaPacificEconomicCooper
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