5 The One Against the Many.docx
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5 The One Against the Many.docx
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5TheOneAgainsttheMany
LessonFiveTheOneAgainsttheMany
ArthurM.SchlesingerJr.
●Objectives
Afterstudyingthisessay,studentswillbeableto:
1.graspthemainideaoftheargumentation(Asocietyshouldallowfreeflowofmanyviewpointsinordertodevelopitself.);
2.relatewhatisdiscussedintheessaytoChineseexperienceandthecurrentworldsituationsoastobetterunderstandthepoints(thegreatsetbackwesufferedbystickingtodogmatisminthepast,ourprinciplesofnon-interferenceandpeacefulco-existenceindealingwithinternationalaffairs);
3.getthemselvesfamiliarwithsomekeyphilosophicaltermssuchaspragmatism,dogmatism,absolutism,dialectics,rationalism,determinism,empiricism,ideal,ideology,etc.;
4.graspthemajortechniquesemployedindevelopingtheargument(contrast,citingexamples,clearorganizationofideas,etc.)
5.conductaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit.
●Timeallotment:
Theteachingplanistobecarriedoutwith8periods.
Aboutthetitle
Whenyoufirstseethistitle,youmightwonderwhatitisabout.Whatistheoneandwhatisthemany?
Isitaboutawarbetweentwopartieswhovarygreatlyinnumber?
Thatistosay,thetitleisveryattractive.Itdrawsreaders’attentionandinterestatthefirstglance.Thatisoneofthemanyskillsyoushouldlearn.Whenyouwriteanarticle,itisimportanttogiveitagoodtitle.Agoodbeginningmeanshalfsuccess.
GeneralStructure
Thewholetextincludeasmanyas7parts.
PartIistheopeningparagraph.Inthisone-sentenceparagraph,theauthor,righttothepoint,raisetheissueofAmericanexperienceinachievingrapidnationaldevelopment.
PartII(Paras.2-6).Inthispart,theauthorlistsallthoseFactorsthatfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStates
Whatisthefundamentalfactoraccordingtotheauthor?
Couldyoufindtheoriginalsentencefromthetext?
(para.6)----“Butfundamentaltoallofthese…hasbeenthenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder.
PartIII(Paras.7-10)IdeologyandPragmatismandAmerican’sAttitudetowardsThem
Here,theauthordefinestheterm“ideology”andpointsoutthatthoughnotalwaysimmunetothetemptationofideology,AmericanshavebeenskepticalaboutideologyandhaveacceptedpragmatisminmostofthetimeinAmericanhistory.TheAmericanRevolutionisusedasanexampletoillustratethedifferencebetweenpragmatismandideology.
PartIV(Paras.11-12)IdealsandIdeology
Inthispart,theauthorusesThomasJeffersonasanexampletoillustratethedistinctionbetweenidealsandideology.
PartV(Paras.13-14)WhatiswrongwithfaithinIdeology?
Inansweringthisquestion,theauthorpointsoutthattheideologistsconfuseideology,anabstractionfromreality,withrealityitself.Thisconfusionleadstotwobadresults,intheinterpretationofhistoryandthechoiceofpublicpolicy.
PartVI(Paras.15-19)DifferencesbetweentheIdeologistandPragmatist
Fromtwoaspects,theauthorfurtherillustrates(elaborateson)thedifferencebetweentheideologistandthepragmatist,thatis,howtheydifferintheirviewsofhistoryandtheirapproachestoissuesofpublicpolicy.
PartVII(Paras.20-22)Conclusion:
theManyshouldbetheChoice
Inthisconcludingpart,theauthorsumsuptheconflictofourtime(i.e.theconflictbetweenideologistsandpragmatists).Heanalysesthegoalofideologistsandthegoaloffreemen,leadingtotheconclusionthatthemanyshouldbethechoice.
Detailedstudyofthetextbody
Para.1
1.Inanepochdominatedbytheaspirationsofnewstatesfornationaldevelopment…
●period,epoch,eraandage
Periodisthegeneraltermforanyportionofhistoricaltime
Epochanderaareoftenusedinterchangeable,butinstrictdiscrimination,epochappliestothebeginningofanewperiodmarkedbyradicalchanges,newdevelopment,etc.andera,totheentireperiod.
e.g.:
ThefoundingofnewChinamarkedanewepochinChinesehistory.
The20thcenturywasaneraoftechnologicalrevolution.
Ageisappliedtoalongperiodidentifiedwithsomedominantpersonalityordistinctivecharacteristic.
e.g.theStoneAge,theMiddleAges;theVictorianAge
●Fromthisstatement,couldyouguesswhenthisessaywaswritten?
Ifyouknowworldhistorywellenough,youmayknowthattheessaywasprobablywritteninthelate1960sorearly1970swhenmanycountriesinAsiaandAfricawontheirindependenceandwantedtodeveloptheircountries.Youcanseethattheauthoriskeentointernationalsituation,whichmakeshisessayworthofreading.Infact,theauthor’sviewpointsarestillofgreatvaluetoustodaysinceweareseekingforarapidnationaldevelopment.
PartII(Paras.2-6)
Para.2
2.Everycountry,ofcourse,hasitsdistinctivedevelopmentproblems…
●Whatroledoesthissentenceplay?
----Itisatransitionalsentence.
●Isittruetosayso?
---Absolutelyright.Thedevelopmentproblemsandsolutionsvaryfromcountrytocountry.Usuallyonecandrawinsightsfromthoseusefulexperiencesofothercountriesbuttotrytocopyuseonemodelfordifferentproblemsandsituationsistoinvitedisaster.Inourhistory,wetriedtocopythemodelofformersovietunions.Wasitsuccessful?
Ofcoursenot.Thisisthebestexample
●Capacity:
abilitytodothings.
3.Thecountrywasblessedbynotableadvantages….
Bless:
tofavor
Beblessedwith:
tobefavoredwith,befortunateenoughtopossesse.g.Iamnotrichbutamblessedwithgoodhealth.
4.Hadthatbeenso,theIndians,forwhom….
●“..wouldhavedeveloped”:
subjunctivemood
●hadthatbeenso…:
ifthathadbeenso.Ifthefavorableratiobetweenpopulationandresourceshadbeentheonlyfactor…
●“firstsettlers”referstothefoundersofJamestownin1607andthe102passengerswhosailedontheMayflowerin1620toplantthefirstcolonyatPlymouth(inwhatistodaysoutheasternMassachusetts)
5.Whatmatteredequallywasthespirit….
●approach:
tobegindealingwith;toadoptamethodforattainingagoalorpurpose
●Whatcanthechallengesbe?
Thechallengesmayincludethediseases,hungerandharshenvironmenttheyfacedaftertheirlandingintheNewWorld,theirrelationshipwiththenativeIndians.(Wehavetalkedalotaboutthosechallengesfacedbyfrontiersinlesson2.whatthefirstsettlershadtodealwithisquitethesamewiththatthosefrontiersdid.)
Para.3
6.Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation…..
●Faith:
complete,unquestioningacceptanceofsomething
●Whydoestheauthorsaythisbeliefexistedfromtheearliestdays….?
ThefirstsettlersweremainlypuritanswhohadatraditionofrespectinglearningbecausetheybelievedthatreadingtheBibleistheonlywaytocommunicatewithGod.Therefore,aftertheysettleddownandsolvedtheproblemoffeedingtheirfamily,thenextthingtheydidwastobuildchurchesandschoolsintheirsettlement.Forinstance,TheHarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636,theYaleCollegein1701.ApublicschoolsystemwassetupinMassachusettsin1647.
7.Itaroseoriginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment….
●philosophicalcommitment:
dedicationtoabstractthought-outprinciples.Here,itreferstodedicationtothebeliefandvaluesofdemocracy.
●Itaroseoriginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthaneconomiccommitment…
State-ownededucationforallcitizenswasseenasabasicrequirementfordemocracyandthemeanstoenablethepublictomake“rightchoices”.
TheUnitedStatehasanumberoflawsoneducation:
TheMorrillLandGrantActof1862
TheG.I.Billof1944
NationalDefenseEducationActof1958
TheElementaryandSecondaryEducationActof1965
TheHigherEducationActof1965
Now,theUnitedStateshasthemostadvancededucationalsystemintheworldwhichofferunparallelededucationalopportunitytoitsyouth.Forinstance,between1990and1995over8.5millionstudentsenrolledeveryyearincollegesanduniversities.Remember,thetotalpopulationoftheUnitedStatesisabout2billion.(howmanyenrolledinourcountry?
)
●But,atthesametime,italsohelpedproducetheconditionsessentialtosuccessful…
Inspiteofthefactthateconomiccommitmentwasnotthemajorreasonforrespectforlearning,wideliteracybecameanecessaryconditionformodernization.Justasthesayinggoes“Knowledgeispower”.MaxWeberpointsoutthatProtestantethicspavedthewayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.
Thisstatementalsoservesasasmoothtransitiontothenextparagraph.
Para.4
8.Modernindustrialsocietymustbeaboveallaliteratesociety.
●Thissentenceechoeswiththelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraphandformsasmoothtransition.Inwritingyourownessays,youshouldlearntousetransitionalsentencestoensureasmoothrunningofideas.
●DoyouthinktheconceptapplicabletoChina,too?
DoesitremindyouofOurnationalpolicyof“科教兴国”?
Itisbasedonthisconcept.
9.J.K.Galbraithhasrightlyobservedthat….
●intellectualimprovement:
increaseinone’sintellectualability,referringtoeducation智力提高
●capitalgoods:
materialsusedinproduction生产资料
●report:
torecount,togiveanaccountof
●Galbraith’sobservationiscorrect,butittakesdecision-makerswithlong-termperspectivetoreallygraspthesignificanceofGalbraith’sobservationandtodoaccordingly.Why?
Becausemoneyinvestedinconstructionmaybringtangibleresultsinarelativelyshortperiodoftimewhiletheresultofinvestmentinintellectualimprovementmaynotbeevident/obviousforalongperiodoftime.
AssoonasChinadecidedtoshitsitsprioritytonationalconstru
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