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lynn

OnBathsheba’sTragedyinPatriarchalSocietyin

FarfromtheMaddingCrowd

浅析《远离尘嚣》中父权社会下芭丝谢巴的悲剧

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院系：

专业：

指导教师：

吉林华桥外国语学院

JilinHuaQiaoForeignLanguagesInstitute

Abstract

TheVictorianAgewasasignificantperiodinEnglishhistory.Englandwastakinggreatchangesduringthistime.Besidespoliticalandeconomicfields,people’sideologyalsochangedalot.InVictorianEngland,thoughfemaleconsciousnesshadalreadybeguntowakeup,menstilloccupiedthedominantpositioninthesociety.Underthiscircumstance,ThomasHardycreatedhisfamousnovelFarfromtheMaddingCrowd.Inthenovel,withtheanalysisofthechangeshappenedtotheprotagonistBathsheba’slife,Hardyportraysthetragichistoryofthepeopleinthatperiod.BathshebaisawomanwhoisverydifferentfromanyotheroneinVictorianAge,sheismuchmorerebellious,independent,andevenmuchwilder.Onherwaytotheachievementofindependenceandfreedom,sheshowshervividfemaleconsciousness.Shefightsagainstpatriarchywithherindependenceinpersonality,economy,loveandmarriage.However,sheistamedbyOak,whoistherepresentativeofpatriarchy,andshebeginstoactasanobedientwife.Nomatterhowbravesheis,sheisunabletoescapefromthetradition,thelargeenvironment.Andthisthesisaimsatrevealingfemales’trueposition,plightandtheunequalrelationshipbetweenmaleandfemaleinpatriarchalsociety.

Keywords:

femaleconsciousness;patriarchy;independence

摘要

维多利亚时代是个非常重要的时期，此时的英国正经历着巨大的变化。

除了政治和经济领域的变化，人们的意识形态也发生了变化。

维多利亚时期的英国，女性意识虽已开始觉醒，但男权仍然占据主要地位。

在这一历史条件下，托马斯.哈代创作出他的著名小说《远离尘嚣》。

哈代在这一小说中通过对发生在女主人公芭丝谢巴生命历程中的种种变化的分析，刻画了那个时期人们的悲剧历史。

不同于维多利亚时期的其他妇女，芭丝谢巴反叛、独立，也更具野性。

在追求独立和自由的过程中，她显现出鲜明的女性意识。

她以性格、经济、爱情和婚姻上的独立对抗着父权制。

然而她最终被父权制的代表奥克所驯服，成为了一个温顺的妻子。

不管有多勇敢，她都无法逃脱传统和当时那个大环境的束缚。

本论文旨在揭示父权社会下女性的真实地位、困境以及男性和女性之间不平等的关系。

关键词：

女性意识；父权制；独立

Contents

Ⅰ.Introduction1

　1.1ThomasHardy1

　1.2FarfromtheMaddingCrowd2

Ⅱ.PatriarchalSocietyandFemaleinPatriarchalSociety3

2.1PatriarchalSociety3

2.2FemaleinPatriarchalSociety4

2.2.1BeingtheObject4

2.2.2BeingtheTemptress4

2.2.3BeingtheWeak5

Ⅲ.NewWoman—Bathsheba5

3.1IndependenceofPersonality5

3.2IndependenceofEconomy6

3.3IndependenceinLoveandMarriage7

Ⅳ.Bathsheba’sTragedy8

4.1SubmissioninPersonality8

4.2ConcessioninEconomy10

4.3CompromiseinLoveandMarriage11

Ⅴ.Conclusion12

Bibliography13

OnBathsheba’sTragedyinPatriarchalSocietyin

FarfromtheMaddingCrowd

I.Introduction

InthelateperiodofVictorianAge,oneofthemostbrilliantandwell-knownrealisticnovelistshouldbeThomasHardy（1840-1928）.Hehadtalentsinmanyfields,suchaslongnovels,shortstories,poemsandsoon.Hewaswellknownasaliterarygenius.Foralongperiodoftime,heenjoyedanimportantpositioninacademic,criticandbiographicalcircles.HardywasauniquepersoninEnglishliteraryhistory,andhisworkswereinfluencedbyandatthesametimeinfluencedtheatmosphereofhistime.

1.1ThomasHardy

ThomasHardy（1840-1928）wasaremarkablepoetaswellasanovelistinEnglishliteraryhistory.HewasoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealistsattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Hisworkshaveachievedalevelofpopularityasasubjectforstudyandsomeofhisnovelsaresettextsinschoolsanduniversities.

Inthe1860sHardyhadwrittenasubstantialamountofunpublishedverse,butduringthefollowingtwentyyearsalmostallhiscreativeeffortswentintonovelsandshortstories.Hedividedallhisnovelsintothreegenres—romancesandfantasies,novelsofingenuity,andnovelsofcharacterandenvironment,amongwhichthethirdgenrecouldalsobecalled“WessexTales”,becausetheysetinamade-upcountyWessex.Thesenovelsconsistof“UndertheGreenwoodTree”,“FarfromtheMaddingCrowd”,“TheReturnoftheNative”,“TheMayorofCasterbridge”,“TessofD’Urbervilles”andsoon.Andtheyaremainlyconcernedwithfeminism,Marxism,materialismandbiblicalarchetypes.

Hardymaintainedinlaterlifethatonlyinpoetrycouldhetrulyexpresshisideas,andmorethanninehundredpoemsinhiscollectedversespossessedgreatindividualityandpower.TheDynastsformedoneofthesupremeachievementsinEnglishimaginativeliterature.

AndHardyhasoftenbeencalledagloomyanddepressingwriter.TheviewofHardy’spessimismcouldbetracedbacktohiscontemporarycritics.Manycriticsandreaderstodaystillseehiminthatlight.Indeedhispictureofhumanlifeisnotsoencouraging.Entangledandstrugglingintheweboftragedy,hismenandwomenneverhaveachancetotastethesweetnessoftriumph;alltheyexperiencewhilepursuingtheirdreamsandaspirationsisthebitternessofcatastrophicfailure.

1.2FarfromtheMaddingCrowd

ItwasinFarfromtheMaddingCrowdthatHardyfirstused“Wessex”（Kramer21）.FarfromtheMaddingCrowdisthemaidenworkofhistragicnovels.Asthewatershedbetweenhisearlierperiodandlaterperiodworks,itisalsothefoundationstoneofhislaterperiodworks.ThisnoveloccupiesaveryimportantandspecialplaceinHardy’sartisticworksanditisthisworkthatestablishesHardy’sreputationasamanofletters.

Thestorytakesplaceinaquietandpeacefulvillage.ItmainlydescribesthelovestorybetweentheheroineBathshebaandthreemen—Troy,BoldwoodandGabriel.

Atthebeginningofthenovel,BathshebaEverdeneisabeautifulyoungwomanwithoutfortune.ShemeetsGabrielOak,ayoungfarmer,andsaveshislifeoneevening.Thenheaskshertomarryhim,butsherefusesbecauseshedoesn’tlovehim.Uponinheritingheruncle’sprosperousfarmshemovesawaytothetownofWeatherbury.

AdisasterhappenstoGabriel'sfarmandheloseshissheep.Hehastogiveupfarming.Hegoeslookingforwork,andinhistravelsfindshimselfinWeatherbury.Afterrescuingalocalfarmfromfireheasksthemistressifsheneedsashepherd.ThemistressisBathsheba,andshehireshim.AsBathshebalearnstomanageherfarmshebecomesacquaintedwithherneighbor,Mr.Boldwood,andonawhimsendshimavalentinecardwiththewords"Marryme".Boldwoodbecomesobsessedwithherandbecomeshersecondsuitor.Bathshebarefuseshimbecauseshedoesn’tlovehimeither,butshethenagreestoreconsiderherdecision.

Thatverynight,Bathshebameetsahandsomesoldier,SergeantTroy.UnbeknowntoBathsheba,hehasrecentlyimpregnatedalocalgirl-FannyRobin,andalmostmarriedher.TroyfallsinlovewithBathsheba,whichvexesBoldwood.BathshebatravelstoBathtowarntheangerofBoldwood,andwhilesheisthere,Troyconvinceshertomarryhim.AfewweeksafterBathshebaandTroy’smarriage,Fannyappeares.Sheispoorandsickthen.Andlatershediesfromgivingbirthtoherchild.BathshebadiscoversthatTroyisthefather.Grief-strickenatFanny'sdeathandriddledwithshame,Troyrunsawayandisconsideredhasbeendrowned.

WithTroy’sdeath,BoldwoodbecomesmoreandmoreemphaticaboutBathshebamarryinghim.HeholdsaChristmasparty,invitesBathshebaandproposesagain,justaftershehasagreed,Troyarrivesattheparty,whichshocksallthepeopleattheparty.Bathshebascreams,andBoldwoodcannotcontrolhisangerandshootsTroy.Heissentencedtoprison.Afewmonthslater,BathshebamarriesGabriel,nowGabrielbecomesaprosperousbailiff.

OnthesurfaceBathshebaandGabriel’smarriageisperfect,butfromsomeotheranglestheheroine’sfateiscoveredwithtragiccolors.Thisthesiswillanalyzetheheroine’stragicfatefromherchangesinpersonality,aswellasherattitudetowardseconomy,loveandmarriage.

II.PatriarchalSocietyandFemaleinPatriarchalSociety

TheVictorianAgewasagreatageinBritishhistory.Duringthisperiod,thegreatruler,QueenVictoria,ruledBritain.Underherreign,Britainbecameastrongerandmoreprosperouscountry.However,insuchagloriousage,womensufferedgreatoppressionfromPatriarchyandexperiencedthedarkesttime.

2.1PatriarchalSociety

PatriarchyisaquitetypicalsocialconventioninVictorianAge.Patriarchy,asthewordindicates,isasocialsysteminwhichthefatheristheheadofthefamily.Allthedescentsshouldbetracedthroughthefather’ssideofthefamily.Inpatriarchalsocietypeoplethinkthatmalewassuperiortofemale.Ononehand,inordertobolstermale’spower,itbelittlesfemale’sintelligence,moralityandotherqualities,distortsfemaleimageonpurpose;ontheotherhand,itasksfemaletobechaste,loyalandobedient,iftheyviolatethese“rules”,theywillbeabandonedbymale,evenbythewholesociety.

Andinpatriarchalsociety,therearetwodifferentstandardsformenandwomeninmanyaspects,suchasapprovalofoccupation,inheritanceofproperty,relationsbetweenthesexesanddisputebetweenhusbandandwife.Thosemenneverputwomenontheequalpositionwhichtheyhold.

InFarfromtheMaddingCrowd,wecanseethedescriptionaboutthemale-dominatedsocietyinVictorianAge.Inthatagethemasculineprivilegeandmaledominantpositionshowedobviously.ThiskindofprivilegemakesGabrieltakethecapitaltoinvestwithoutanylimitationasanewinvestor.Oppositely,Bathshebahastheabilityandtalent,andshehasthewisdomtomanageherfarm.Butbecausesheisawoman,shecannotgetanyrightandthesocialsecurityactually.Sheevencannotprotectherownpropertylegally.Thesocietyiswherethemanisthepossessorandthewomanispossessed.Thatcausesthewomen’stragicfate.

2.2FemaleinPatriarchalSociety

Inthemale-dominatingsocietyinVictorianAge,womenwereshroudedinsubmissiveandobedientshadows.Religion,convention,legislat