ALBIOLOGY1991PAPER1+2.docx
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ALBIOLOGY1991PAPER1+2
1991Biology
PaperI
SECTIONA
AnswerALLquestions.
AnswersshouldbewrittenintheAL(C)lanswerbook.
1.Eachofthefollowingisassociatedwithacertaintaxonomicgroupoforganisms.NameONEgroupoforganismspossessingeachofthefollowingstructures:
(a)gemmae
(b)notochords
(c)nematocysts
(d)pseudopodia
(e)cones(strobili)
(f)malpighiantubules
(3marks)
2.Outlinetheroleofthefollowingelementsinthenutritionofgreenplants.Whataretheeffectsoftheirdeficiencyonplantgrowth?
(a)calcium
(b)nitrogen
(4marks)
3.DescribethefeedingmechanismofONEnamedfilterfeeder.
(4marks)
4.Bymeansofaflowdiagram,brieflyoutlinethethreemainstagesofaerobicrespirationwithacarbohydratesubstrate.Annotateyourdiagramtoshowtheessentialfeaturesofeachofthethreemainstages.
(N.B.ChemicalformulaeofindividualcompoundsareNOTrequired.)
(7marks)
5.Brieflydescribethebloodclottingprocessatthesiteofawound.
(5marks)
6.StateFOURdifferencesbetweenthedivisionsofasomaticcellandofagermcelltoformdaughtercells.
(4marks)
7.Whyareleavesusuallythinandflat?
NameONEenvironmentwheretherearemanyexceptionsandexplainwhythisisso.
(7marks)
8.Evolutionarytheoryissupportedbyevidencefromthefollowingareas.Brieflydescribehoweachhascontributedtothesupportofthetheory.
(a)selectivebreeding
(b)paleontology(fossils)
(6marks)
SectionB
9.Theautoradiographsbelowshowfreshlydetachedleavesoftobacco,eachofwhichhasbeentreatedwithaspotofaradioactiveaminoacid.Theregionscircledbywhitedottedlinesshowtheareaswheretheradioactiveaminoacidwasapplied.Therelativeagesoftheleavesareshown.ThelefthalfofleafCandtherighthalfofleafDwerepaintedwiththeplanthormonecalledkinetin.
(a)HowdoesthemovementoftheaminoaciddifferbetweentheyoungleafAandthematureleafB?
Suggestareasonforthisdifference.
(5marks)
(b)ComparingleavesBandC,whatistheeffectofthekinetinonthemovementoftheaminoacid?
(1mark)
(c)ComparingleavesBandD,howdoesthekinetinaffectthemovementoftheaminoacid?
(1mark)
(d)ComparingleafAwithleavesB,CandD,suggestapossibleroleforkinetinincellularactivities.Explainyouranswer.
(3marks)
(e)Suggestwhere,inwholeplants,kinetinismostlikelytobeproduced.
(3marks)
(f)Explainwhy,inthisexperiment,itisimportanttousefreshlydetachedleavesratherthandetachedleaveswhichhavebeenstoredforsometime.
(3marks)
(g)Brieflydescribetheeffectsofkinetinonthegrowthanddevelopmentofplants.
(3marks)
(h)SuggestONEcommercialuseforkinetin.
(1mark)
10.Twogroupsofhealthyadults,eachconsistingof10individuals,wereinastateofnormalhydrationbeforetheexperiment.Thesubjectswereinstructedtoemptytheirbladders(thisurinesamplewasdiscarded)1hourbeforecollectionofthefirsturinesample.Thereafter,urinesampleswerecollectedatthetimeintervalsindicatedinthefollowingtable.
Sixtyminutesafterthefirsturinecollection,subjectsofbothgroupsdrank1litreoffluid.GroupAsubjectsdrankdistilledwater,whileGroupBsubjectsdranknormalsaline(anisotonicsolutionofsodiumchloride).Boththeurineoutputandtheurineosmolarity*weremonitored.Theaverageresultforeachgroupofsubjectsislistedinthefollowingtable:
Time(min)
GroupA
subjects
GroupB
subjects
urine
output
(ml/min)
urine
osmolarity*
(mOsm/1)
urine
output
(ml/min)
0
1.0
970
0.9
60(drinktaken)
0.8
975
1.0
90
4.3
470
1.2
120
14.5
50
1.5
150
12.3
150
1.9
180
2.2
770
1.7
210
1.3
980
2.1
300
1.0
980
2.4
*Urineosmolarityisameasureofthesoluteconcentrationinurine.
(a)Plottheaboveresultsintheformofagraph.
(5marks)
(b)GiveanaccountofthephysiologicalmechanismresponsibleforthechangesinurineoutputandurineosmolarityinGroupAsubjects.
(5marks)
(c)AccountforthedifferenceinurineoutputinGroupBsubjects.
(3marks)
(d)IfGroupAsubjectswereinjectedwithantidiuretichormone30minutesbeforedrinking1litreofdistilledwater,howwouldyouexpecttheurineoutputtobeaffected?
Explainyouranswer.
(2marks)
(e)Inanotherexperiment,athirdgroupofsubjectsdrank1litreofhypertonicsaline.Describeandexplainanychangesintheurineoutputofthisgroupofsubjectsoverthenext24hours.
(5marks)
11.Replacementseriesexperimentsareawayofinvestigatingtheinteractionbetweentwospeciesofplants.Inareplacementseries,thetotaldensityofplantsiskeptconstantwhiletheproportionofeachspeciesisvaried.
Thefollowingthreeexperimentsweresetuptoinvestigatetheinteractionbetweenaspeciesofgrass(A)andaspeciesoflegume(B).Thetwospeciesweregrownseparatelyinareplacementseriesinpotsfullofsoil.Thetotalyield(abovegroundbiomass)ofeachspeciesineachexperimentwasmeasuredbyharvestingafterafixedperiodoftime.
ExperimentI
Thetwospeciesweresowninseparatepotsatdensitiesof4,8,12and16seedspetpot.Theresultsofthisexperimentareshowningraphslaand1b.
ExperimentII
ThetwospeciesweresowninareplacementseriesinsoillackingRhizobiumbacteria.TheplantingschemesareshowninthetablebelowandtheresultsofthisexperimentareshowningraphII.
Seedsperpot
pot1
pot2
pot3
pot4
pot5
NumberofspeciesA
16
12
8
4
0
NumberofspeciesB
0
4
8
12
16
ExperimentIII
ExperimentIIwasrepeatedbutthesoilwasinoculatedwithRhizobium.TheresultsofthisexperimentareshowningraphIll.
(a)Explainwhygraphslaand1barenotstraightlines.
(3marks)
(b)ExplainwhytheshapesoftheyieldcurvesforspeciesBaredifferentinexperimentsIandII.
(3marks)
(c)WhatdotheyieldcurvesofspeciesAandspeciesBinexperimentIIshowabouttherelationshipbetweenthetwospecies?
(3marks)
(d)DescribeandexplainthedifferencesbetweentheresultsofexperimentsIIandIII.
(6marks)
(e)Inordertoobtainthemaximumtotalyieldofabovegroundbiomass,withwhatproportionofeachspeciesshouldafarmersowhisfields?
AssumeRhizobiumispresentinthesoil.
(2marks)
(f)SuggestONEreasonwhytheresultsofexperimentsinpotsmayNOTbeareliablemeansofpredictingthebestseedmixtureforuseinafarmer’sfields.
(3marks)
12.Overaperiodoftwoyears,thereproductivecycle(figure1)andthepopulationstructure(figure2)ofamarineinvertebratewithaplanktoniclarvalphaseweremonitoredalongthewestcoastoftheNewTerritories.Inaddition,variousenvironmentalconditionswererecorded.Theresultsoftheseobservationsareshowninfigures1and2.
(a)Withreferencetofigure1:
(i)Whendoesthisinvertebratebreed?
(Hint:
Thereleaseofgametesfromthegonadsleadstoadecreaseintheirsize.)
(1mark)
(ii)Whichenvironmentalfactorscouldacttosynchronisereproductiveactivityinthisinvertebrate?
(3marks)
(iii)Giveasinglereasonforchoosingallofthesefactors.
(1mark)
(iv)SuggesthowONEofthesefactorsmightoperate.
(2marks)
(b)SuggestONEenvironmentalfactornotshowninfigure1whichmightalsoregulatereproductiveactivityinthisinvertebrate.Brieflyexplainhowthisfactorcouldaffectreproductiveactivity.
(2marks)
(c)Explaintheecologicalsignificanceofhavingaplanktoniclarvalstage.NameONEanimalphylumhavingaplanktoniclarvalphase.
(4marks)
(d)Explaintheannualfluctuationinsalinityshowninfigure1.
(2marks)
(e)Figure2showstherelativefrequencyofdifferentsizedanimalsofthisspeciesatthestudyarea.Theresultsarecumulativedatacollectedoverthe2-yearperiod.
(i)Ifthetotalnumberofanimalsmeasuredoverthe2-yearperiodwas1798,howmanyanimalsbelongtothemostcommonsizegroup?
(1mark)
(ii)Althoughthereisaregularreproductivecycle,thepopulationhasveryfewjuveniles.Suggest,withexplanations,TWOpossiblereasonsforthisphenomenon.
(4marks)
PaperII
SECTIONA
AnswerTWOquestions.
AnswersshouldbewrittenintheAL(C)lanswerbook.
1.(a)Explainthemeaningofthefollowingterms:
(i)allele
(ii)polyploidy
(iii)hybridvigour
(6marks)
(b)Inacertainspeciesofbird,onegenelocuscontrolsgeneralfeathercolour,withgreenbeingdominanttoblue.Asecondlocuscontrolscolourintensityandtheallelesatthislocusshowincompletedominance.Thetablebelowshowsthesixpossiblephenotypes:
Colourintensity
Feathercolour
Pale
Mid
Dark
Green
palegreen
Deepgreen
brownishgreen
Blue
paleblue
deepblue
purple
(i)Drawgeneticdiagramstoillustratethefollowingcrosses:
(1)Homozygousdeepgreenxheterozygousbrownishgreen
(2)Homozygouspalegreenxdeepblue
Includeinyourdiagrams,thegenotypesoftheparents,zygotesandoffspring,thephenotypesoftheoffspring,andthephenotyperatio.Defineallthesymbolsyouuse.
(10marks)
(ii)Describetheeasiestwaytodeterminewhetheradeepgreenindividualishomozygousorheterozygous.Explainyouranswer.
(4marks)
2.(a)Whatisameristem?
(2marks)
(b)Wherearemeristemsfoundinplants?
(5marks)
(c)Describethechangesinacellderivedfromameristemasitdifferentiatesinto:
(i)axylemvesselelement
(ii)asievetubeelement
(6marks)
(d)Howarethestructuresofxylemvesselsandsievetubesrelatedtotheirfunctions?
(7marks)
3.(a)(i)Drawalabelleddiagramtoshowthestructureofthemammalianear.Annotateyourdiagramtodescribebrieflythefunctionofeachlabelledst
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