incotermsen.docx
- 文档编号:23726280
- 上传时间:2023-05-20
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:25
- 大小:33.13KB
incotermsen.docx
《incotermsen.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《incotermsen.docx(25页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
incotermsen
INTRODUCTION
1.PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFINCOTERMS
ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.
Frequently,partiestoacontractareunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigation诉讼,起诉withallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails承担,伴随.Inordertoremedy改正;清除:
改正;去掉theseproblemstheInternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswereknownas«Incoterms1936».Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990andpresentlyin2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.
ItshouldbestressedthatthescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold(inthesenseof«tangibles»,notincluding«intangibles»无形的suchascomputersoftware).
ItappearsthattwoparticularmisconceptionsaboutIncotermsareverycommon.First,Incotermsarefrequentlymisunderstoodasapplyingtothecontractofcarriageratherthantothecontractofsale.Second,theyaresometimeswronglyassumedtoprovideforallthedutieswhichpartiesmaywishtoincludeinacontractofsale.
AshasalwaysbeenunderlinedbyICC,Incotermsdealonlywiththerelationbetweensellersandbuyersunderthecontractofsale,and,moreover,onlydosoinsomeverydistinctrespects.
Whileitisessentialforexportersandimporterstoconsidertheverypracticalrelationshipbetweenthevariouscontractsneededtoperformaninternationalsalestransaction-wherenotonlythecontractofsaleisrequired,butalsocontractsofcarriage,insuranceandfinancing-Incotermsrelatetoonlyoneofthesecontracts,namely即,也就是thecontractofsale.
Nevertheless,theparties'agreementtouseaparticularIncotermwouldnecessarilyhaveimplicationsfortheothercontracts.Tomentionafewexamples,asellerhavingagreedtoaCFR-orCIF-contractcannotperformsuchacontractbyanyothermodeoftransportthancarriagebysea,sinceunderthesetermshemustpresentabillofladingorothermaritimedocumenttothebuyerwhichissimplynotpossibleifothermodesoftransportareused.Furthermore,thedocumentrequiredunderadocumentarycreditwouldnecessarilydependuponthemeansoftransportintendedtobeused.
Second,Incotermsdealwithanumberofidentifiedobligationsimposedontheparties-suchastheseller'sobligationtoplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerorhandthemoverforcarriageordeliverthematdestination-andwiththedistributionofriskbetweenthepartiesinthesecases.
Further,theydealwiththeobligationstoclearthegoodsforexportandimport,thepackingofthegoods,thebuyer'sobligationtotakedeliveryaswellastheobligationtoprovideproofthattherespectiveobligationshavebeendulyfulfilled.AlthoughIncotermsareextremelyimportantfortheimplementationofthecontractofsale,agreatnumberofproblemswhichmayoccurinsuchacontractarenotdealtwithatall,liketransferofownershipandotherpropertyrights,breaches违背,破坏ofcontractandtheconsequencesfollowingfromsuchbreachesaswellasexemptionsfromliabilityincertainsituations.ItshouldbestressedthatIncotermsarenotintendedtoreplacesuchcontracttermsthatareneededforacompletecontractofsaleeitherbytheincorporationofstandardtermsorbyindividuallynegotiatedterms.
Generally,Incotermsdonotdealwiththeconsequencesofbreachofcontractandanyexemptionsfromliabilityowingtovariousimpediments.Thesequestionsmustberesolvedbyotherstipulationsinthecontractofsaleandtheapplicablelaw.
Incotermshavealwaysbeenprimarilyintendedforusewheregoodsaresoldfordeliveryacrossnationalboundaries:
hence,internationalcommercialterms.However,Incotermsareinpracticeattimesalsoincorporatedintocontractsforthesaleofgoodswithinpurelydomesticmarkets.WhereIncotermsaresoused,theA2andB2clausesandanyotherstipulationofotherarticlesdealingwithexportandimportdo,ofcourse,becomeredundant.多余的
2.WHYREVISIONSOFINCOTERMS?
ThemainreasonforsuccessiverevisionsofIncotermshasbeentheneedtoadaptthemtocontemporarycommercialpractice.Thus,inthe1980revisionthetermFreeCarrier(nowFCA)wasintroducedinordertodealwiththefrequentcasewherethereceptionpointinmaritimetradewasnolongerthetraditionalFOB-point(passingoftheship'srail)butratherapointonland,priortoloadingonboardavessel,wherethegoodswerestowedintoacontainerforsubsequenttransportbyseaorbydifferentmeansoftransportincombination(so-calledcombinedormultimodaltransport).
Further,inthe1990revisionofIncoterms,theclausesdealingwiththeseller'sobligationtoprovideproofofdeliverypermittedareplacementofpaperdocumentationbyEDI-messagesprovidedthepartieshadagreedtocommunicateelectronically.Needlesstosay不必说,effortsareconstantlymadetoimproveupontheattheseller'sownpremises(the«E»-termExworks);followedbythedraftingandpresentationofIncotermsinordertofacilitatetheirpracticalimplementation.
3.INCOTERMS2000
Duringtheprocessofrevision,whichhastakenabouttwoyears,ICChasdoneitsbesttoinviteviewsandresponsestosuccessivedraftsfromawiderangingspectrumofworldtraders,representedasthesevarioussectorsareonthenationalcommitteesthroughwhichICCoperates.Indeed,ithasbeengratifying悦人的,令人满足的toseethatthisrevisionprocesshasattractedfarmorereactionfromusersaroundtheworldthananyofthepreviousrevisionsofIncoterms.TheresultofthisdialogueisIncoterms2000,aversionwhichwhencomparedwithIncoterms1990mayappeartohaveeffectedfewchanges.Itisclear,however,thatIncotermsnowenjoyworldwiderecognitionandICChasthereforedecidedtoconsolidateuponthatrecognitionandavoidchangeforitsownsake.Ontheotherhand,seriouseffortshavebeenmadetoensurethatthewording措辞;用语usedinIncoterms2000clearlyandaccuratelyreflectstradepractice.Moreover,substantivechangeshavebeenmadeintwoareas:
•thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;and
•theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA.
Allchanges,whethersubstantiveorformalhavebeenmadeonthebasisofthoroughresearchamongusersofIncotermsandparticularregardhasbeengiventoqueriesreceivedsince1990bythePanelofIncotermsExperts,setupasanadditionalservicetotheusersofIncoterms.
4.INCORPORATIONOFINCOTERMSINTOTHECONTRACTOFSALE
InviewofthechangesmadetoIncotermsfromtimetotime,itisimportanttoensurethatwherethepartiesintendtoincorporateIncotermsintotheircontractofsale,anexpressreferenceisalwaysmadetothecurrentversionofIncoterms.Thismayeasilybeoverlookedwhen,forexample,areferencehasbeenmadetoanearlierversioninstandardcontractformsorinorderformsusedbymerchants.Afailuretorefertothecurrentversionmaythenresultindisputesastowhetherthepartiesintendedtoincorporatethatversionoranearlierversionasapartoftheircontract.MerchantswishingtouseIncoterms2000shouldthereforeclearlyspecifythattheircontractisgovernedby«Incoterms2000».
5.THESTRUCTUREOFINCOTERMS
In1990,foreaseofunderstanding,thetermsweregroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories;namelystartingwiththetermwherebytheselleronlymakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller'sownpremises(the«E»-termExworks);followedbythesecondgroupwherebytheselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer(the«F»-termsFCA,FASandFOB);continuingwiththe«C»-termswherethesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch(CFR,CIF,CPTandCIP);and,finally,the«D»-termswherebythesellerhastobearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstotheplaceofdestination(DAF,DES,DEQ,DDUandDDP).Thefollowingchartsetsoutthisclassificationofthetradeterms.
INCOTERMS2000
GroupE
Departure
EXWExWorks
GroupF
Maincarriageunpaid
FCAFreeCarrier(...namedplace)
FASFreeAlongsideShip(...namedportofshipment)
FOBFreeOnBoard(...namedportofshipment)
GroupÑ
Maincarriagepaid
CFRCostandFreight(...namedportofdestination)
CIFCost,InsuranceandFreight(...namedportofdestination)
CPTCarriagePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)
CIPCarriageandInsurancePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)
GroupD
Arrival
DAFDeliveredAtFrontier(...namedplace)
DESDeliveredExShip(...namedportofdestination)
DEQDeliveredExQuay(...namedportofdestination)
DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid(...namedplaceofdestination)
DDPDeliveredDutyPaid(...namedplaceofdestination)
Further,underallterms,asinIncoterms1990,therespectiveobligationsofthepartieshavebeengroupedunder10headingswhereeachheadingontheseller'sside«mirrors»thepositionofthebuyerwithrespecttothesamesubjectmatter.
6.TERMINOLOGY
While
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- incotermsen
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)