元音辅音及其差别.docx
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元音辅音及其差别.docx
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元音辅音及其差别
元音辅音及其差别
元音
12个单元音
长元音
[i:
][E:
][C:
][u:
][B:
]
短元音
[E][C][Q][e][A]
8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE][uE][Eu][au]
辅音
10对
清辅音
[p][t][k][f][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts]
浊辅音
[d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz]
3个鼻音
[m][n][N]
3个似拼音
[h][r][l]
2个半元音
[w][j]
二,其次我们看理论定义:
元音(vowel)发音时从肺部呼出的气流通过起共鸣器作用的口腔,阻力极小并无摩擦声音的语音。
半元音的发音方法与元音相同。
但常被视为辅音;yawn(打呵欠)中的y音,walk(步行)中的w音是半元音。
元音,又称母音,是音素的一种,与辅音相对。
元音是在发音过程中由气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。
发元音时,气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带,使声带发出均匀震动,然后震音气流不受阻碍的通过口腔、鼻腔,通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。
发元音时声带必然震动,这叫做浊音。
也有的语言发元音时声带不振动,发出清元音(voicelessvowel)。
英语中音素分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。
其中元音音素20个,辅音音素24个。
辅音:
不论声带振动与否,发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍,这样的语音称为辅音。
辅音发音不响亮,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是构成音节的主要音。
英语中有24个辅音。
(有的书将[ts]、[dz]、[tr]、[dr]也归为辅音,即有28个辅音,共48个音素。
)
辅音有清辅音和浊辅音之分,同样的发音位置,如果声带震动就是浊辅音,如果声带不震动就是清辅音了
如:
。
[p][t][k]三个音发音时声带不振动,叫做清辅音,[b][d][g]三个音发音时声带振动,叫做浊辅音。
[f][s][h][W][F]五个音为清辅音,[v][z][r][w][j][T][V]七个音为浊辅音。
元音字母是26个字母中的aeiou其他的是辅音字母
注意:
元音字母和元音不同辅音字母和辅音不同
另外清浊辅音的区别也仅仅与声带振动有关。
发清辅音时声带不会振动,发浊辅音时声带会振动。
ABriefLookattheHistoryofEnglish
ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionally,ifperhapstooneatly,dividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledOldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon),MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.TheearliestperiodbeginswiththemigrationofcertainGermanictribesfromthecontinenttoBritaininthefifthcenturyA.D.,thoughnorecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrombeforetheseventhcentury,anditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheeleventhcenturyorabitlater.BythattimeLatin,OldNorse(thelanguageoftheVikinginvaders),andespeciallytheAnglo-NormanFrenchofthedominantclassaftertheNormanConquestin1066hadbeguntohaveasubstantialimpactonthelexicon,andthewell-developedinflectionalsystemthattypifiesthegrammarofOldEnglishhadbeguntobreakdown.ThefollowingbriefsampleofOldEnglishproseillustratesseveralofthesignificantwaysinwhichchangehassotransformedEnglishthatwemustlookcarefullytofindpointsofresemblancebetweenthelanguageofthetenthcenturyandourown.ItistakenfromAelfric's"HomilyonSt.GregorytheGreat"andconcernsthefamousstoryofhowthatpopecametosendmissionariestoconverttheAnglo-SaxonstoChristianityafterseeingAnglo-Saxonboysforsaleasslavesin
Rome:
Eftheaxode,huðæreðeodenamawæreþehiofcomon.Himwæsgeandwyrd,þæthiAnglegenemnodewæron.Þacwæðhe,"RihtlicehisindAnglegehatene,forðanðehienglawlitehabbað,andswilcumgedafenaðþæthionheofonumenglageferanbeon."
Afewofthesewordswillberecognizedasidenticalinspellingwiththeirmodernequivalents--he,of,him,for,and,on--andtheresemblanceofafewotherstofamiliarwordsmaybeguessed--namatoname,comontocome,wæretowere,wæstowas--butonlythosewhohavemadeaspecialstudyofOldEnglishwillbeabletoreadthepassagewithunderstanding.Thesenseofitisasfollows:
"Againhe[St.Gregory]askedwhatmightbethenameofthepeoplefromwhichtheycame.ItwasansweredtohimthattheywerenamedAngles.Thenhesaid,'RightlyaretheycalledAnglesbecausetheyhavethebeautyofangels,anditisfittingthatsuchastheyshouldbeangels'companionsinheaven.'"Someofthewordsintheoriginalhavesurvivedinalteredform,includingaxode(asked),hu(how),rihtlice(rightly),engla(angels),habbað(have),swilcum(such),heofonum(heaven),andbeon(be).Others,however,havevanishedfromourlexicon,mostlywithoutatrace,includingseveralthatwerequitecommonwordsinOldEnglish:
eft"again,"ðeode"people,nation,"cwæð"said,spoke,"gehatene"called,named,"wlite"appearance,beauty,"andgeferan"companions."Recognitionofsomewordsisnaturallyhinderedbythepresenceoftwospecialcharacters,þ,called"thorn,"andð,called"edh,"whichservedinOldEnglishtorepresentthesoundsnowspelledwithth.
Otherpointsworthnotingincludethefactthatthepronounsystemdidnotyet,inthelatetenthcentury,includethethirdpersonpluralformsbeginningwithth-:
hiappearswherewewouldusethey.Severalaspectsofwordorderwillalsostrikethereaderasoddlyunlikeours.Subjectandverbareinvertedafteranadverb--þacwæðhe"Thensaidhe"--aphenomenonnotunknowninModernEnglishbutnowrestrictedtoafewadverbssuchasneverandrequiringthepresenceofanauxiliaryverblikedoorhave.Insubordinateclausesthemainverbmustbelast,andsoanobjectoraprepositionmayprecedeitinawaynolongernatural:
þehiofcomon"whichtheyfromcame,"forðanðehienglawlitehabbað"becausetheyangels'beautyhave."
PerhapsthemostdistinctivedifferencebetweenOldandModernEnglishreflectedinAelfric'ssentencesistheelaboratesystemofinflections,ofwhichwenowhaveonlyremnants.Nouns,adjectives,andeventhedefinitearticleareinflectedforgender,case,andnumber:
ðæreðeode"(of)thepeople"isfeminine,genitive,andsingular,Angle"Angles"ismasculine,accusative,andplural,andswilcum"such"ismasculine,dative,andplural.Thesystemofinflectionsforverbswasalsomoreelaboratethanours:
forexample,habbað"have"endswiththe-aðsuffixcharacteristicofpluralpresentindicativeverbs.Inaddition,thereweretwoimperativeforms,foursubjunctiveforms(twoforthepresenttenseandtwoforthepreterit,orpast,tense),andseveralotherswhichwenolongerhave.EvenwhereModernEnglishretainsaparticularcategoryofinflection,theformhasoftenchanged.OldEnglishpresentparticiplesendedin-endenot-ing,andpastparticiplesboreaprefixge-(asgeandwyrd"answered"above).
TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyfromthetwelfthcenturythroughthefifteenth.TheinfluenceofFrench(andLatin,oftenbywayofFrench)uponthelexiconcontinuedthroughoutthisperiod,thelossofsomeinflectionsandthereductionofothers(oftentoafinalunstressedvowelspelled-e)accelerated,andmanychangestookplacewithinthephonologicalandgrammaticalsystemsofthelanguage.Atypicalprosepassage,especiallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiod,willnothavesuchaforeignlooktousasAelfric'sprosehas;butitwillnotbemistakenforcontemporarywritingeither.ThefollowingbriefpassageisdrawnfromaworkofthelatefourteenthcenturycalledMandeville'sTravels.Itisfictionintheguiseoftravelliterature,and,thoughitpurportstobefromthepenofanEnglishknight,itwasoriginallywritteninFrenchandlatertranslatedintoLatinandEnglish.InthisextractMandevilledescribesthelandofBactria,apparentlynotanaltogetherinvitingplace,asitisinhabitedby"fullyuele[evil]folkandfullcruell."
Inþatlondbentreesþatberenwolle,asþoghitwereofscheep;whereofmenmakenclothes,andallþingþatmaybenmadeofwolle.Inþatcontreebenmanyipotaynes,þatdwellensomtymeinthewater,andsomtymeonthelond:
andþeibenhalfmanandhalfhors,asIhaueseydbefore;andþeietenmen,whanþeimaytakehem.Andþerebenryueresandwatresþatbenfullebyttere,þreesithesmoreþanisthewaterofthesee.Inþatcontrébenmanygriffounes,moreplenteeþaninonyothercontree.Summenseynþatþeihanthebodyvpwardasanegle,andbenetheasalyoun:
andtreulyþeiseynsothþatþeibenofþatschapp.Butogriffounhaththebodymoregret,andismorestrong,þanneeightlyouns,ofsuchelyounsasbenothishalf;andmoregretandstrongereþananhundredegles,sucheaswehanamongesvs.Forogriffounþerewilberefleyngetohisnestagrethors,3ifhemayfyndehimatthepoynt,ortwooxen3okedtogidere,asþeigonattheplowgh.
Thespellingisoftenpeculiarbymodernstandardsandeveninconsistentwithinthesefewsentences(contréandcontree,o[griffoun]anda[grethors],þanneandþan,forexample).Moreover,intheoriginaltext,thereisinadditiontothornanotheroldcharacter3,called"yogh,"tomakedifficulty.Itcanrepresentseveralsoundsbutheremaybethoughtofasequivalenttoy.Eventheolderspellings(includingthosewhereustandsforvorviceversa)arerecognizable,however,andthereareonlyafewwordslikeipotaynes"hippopotamuses"andsithes"times"thathavedroppedoutofthelanguagealtogether.Wemaynoticeafewwordsandphrasesthathavemeaningsnolongercommonsuchasbyttere"salty,"othishalf"onthissideoftheworld,"andatthepoynt"tohand,"andtheeffectofthecenturies-longdominanceofFrenchonthevocabularyisevidentinmanyfamiliarwordswhichcouldnothaveoccurredinAelfric'swritingevenifhissubjecthadallowedthem,wordslikecontree,ryueres,plentee,egle,andlyoun.
Ingeneralwordorderisnowveryclosetothatofourtime,thoughwenoticeconstructionslikehaththebodymoregretandthreesithesmoreþanisthewaterofthesee.Wealsonoticethatpresenttenseverbsstillreceiveapluralinflectionasinberen,dwellen,han,andbenandthatwhilenominativeþeihasreplacedAelfric'shiinthethirdpersonplural,theformforobjectsisstillhem.Allthesame,thenumberofinflectionsfornouns,adjectives,andverbshasbeengreatlyreduced,andinmostrespectsMandevilleisclosertoModernthantoOldEnglish.
TheperiodofModernEnglishextendsfromthesixteenthcenturytoourownday.TheearlypartofthisperiodsawthecompletionofarevolutioninthephonologyofEnglishthathadbeguninlateMiddleEnglishandthateffectivelyredistributedtheoccurrenceofthevowelphonemestosomethingapproximatingtheirpresentpattern.(Mandeville'sEnglishwouldhavesoundedevenlessfamiliartousthanitlooks.)Otherimportantearlydevelopmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspellingoftheprintingpressandthebeginningofthedirectinflue
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