MBA英语语法点1.docx
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MBA英语语法点1.docx
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MBA英语语法点1
语法概要
英语句子:
按用途分:
陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。
按结构分:
简单句、并列句、复合句(主从句)。
简单句5种:
1.主+谓。
2.主+系+表。
3.主+谓+宾。
4.主+谓+双宾。
5.主+谓+宾+宾补。
双宾和宾补的判断方法:
IgaveheraTeddyBear.
WeelectedJohnmonitor.
句子成分(9种):
主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立
成分。
基本成分:
主、谓、表、宾、补。
附属成分:
定、状、同位语、独立成分。
复合句(主从句)中的从句共分3大类:
名从(4种)、形从(定从)、副从(状从)。
名从:
主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。
主语从句(谓语用单数):
引导词:
连词that/whether(不作成分,但
不可省,whether不能换作if)。
连接代词:
what,who,whom,whose,
which以及whatever,whoever,
whomever,whosever,whichever.(均不可
省)
连接副词:
when,where,why,how以及
whenever,wherever,however.(均不可
省)
如果以上从句过长,则用it替代,作形式主语。
it作形式主语的从句常见类型:
1).Itis+过去分词+that…
Itisknownthat…
Itisbelievedthat…
Itissaidthat…
Itisexpectedthat…
Itisreportedthat…
Itisallegedthat…
Itisrumoredthat…
Itisestimatedthat…
2).Itis+形容词+that…
Itiseasythat…
Itisdifficultthat…
Itiscertainthat…
Itispossiblethat…
Itislikelythat…
Itisimportantthat…
Itisobviousthat…
3).It+不及物动词+that…
Itseemsthat…
Itappearsthat…
Ithappensthat…
Itturnsoutthat…
Itoccurstosbthat…
4).Itis+名词(短语)+that…
Itisashamethat…
Itisapitythat…
Itisanhonorthat…
Itiscommonknowledgethat…
Itisnowonderthat…
Itisnoaccidentthat…
Itisnoraritythat…
whether与if的用法区别:
whether:
(1).无论,不管à引导让步状;
(2).是否à引导名词从。
if:
(1).是否à引导宾从;
(2).如果à引导条件从。
因此,if一般只用于引导宾从,而whether可
用于包括宾从在内的其它名词从。
另外,
(1).ifornot?
if…ornot?
(2).Wehaven’tsettledthequestionof
if/whether?
hewillbefired.
同位语从句:
引导词:
that,whether,who,which,where,
when等。
抽象名词在前,表具体解释内容的从句在后。
接同位语从句的名词:
report,fact,idea,suggestion,evidence,
conclusion,statement,knowledge,
discovery等有内涵的名词,如building则不
行。
同位语从句与定语从句区别:
1.前者是名词性质,后者是形容词性质;
2.前者的that不作成分,但不可省,后者的
that作成分,常省;
同位语从句:
引导词that,whether,who,
which,where,when等;抽象名词在前,表具
体解释内容的从句在后。
句子后有逗号/冒号/破折号,且这些符号后是
名词/动名词,则这些名词/动名词作同位语。
定语从句:
修饰限定名词或代词的从句,因此功能上定语
从句相当于形容词,也称为形容词从句;引导
词有三大功能:
1、引导定语从句;2、指代被
修饰的词(即先行词);3、在从句中作成分。
引导词:
关系代词:
that,who/whom,which,whose.
关系副词:
when,where,why.
限定性与非限定性定从:
Thepeoplewhogetoninthisworldarethe
peoplewhomakeeveryefforttofulfilltheir
goal.(限定性,决定先行词的性质,无逗号间隔)
“Istruckgold,”saidRoland,whoemailedhis
resumetotheemployerandwonaposition.
(非限定性,对先行词的补充说明,不决定先行词的
性质,有逗号间隔)
a).I’llneverforgetthetime____
wefirstmetinthepark.
(which/when)
b).I’llneverforgetthetime____I
spentoncampus.(which/when)
a).Thereason___hegaveforhis
beinglatewasunacceptable.
(that/why)
b).Theshop___Itoldyouabout
beforehascloseddown.
(that/where)
whose引导的定从中,若whose指物时,可用
ofwhich来替代,此时语序为:
限定词+名词+of+which或of+which+限定
词+名词。
Ihadameetingwhosepurposewas
completelyunclear.à
Ihadameetingthepurposeof
which/ofwhichthepurposewas
completelyunclear.
1.Whenoneopensanaccount
atabank,heislendingthebank
money,repaymentofwhichhe
maydemandatanytime.
2.Thisecho-locationinbatsis
oftencomparedwithradar,the
principleofwhichissimilar.
在下列情况中最好用that:
1).先行词为指物的all,little,few,much,
none,thefirst。
2).先行词为不定代词something,anything,
nothing,everything。
3).先行词被any,every,no,only,all,some,
much,few,little,序数词,最高级,theonly,
theone,thevery,theright,thelast修饰时。
as引导限定性定语从句时,只是用在一些固定
结构中,即只用在such、thesame、as、so
的后面。
Hewillrepeatsuchpointsasare
discussedinthebook.
Heisnotthesameplayboyasweknew.
as和which引导的非限定定语从句的区别:
1.which不能在句首;
2.which的先行词可以是单个名词,而as的先行
词一般应是句子或短语;
3.如果主句和从句意思相顺时,用as;如果从
句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时,用which。
例:
1).Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendof
muchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.
2).Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.
3).Shehasmarriedagain,whichwas
unexpected.
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:
定语从句之前加介词,一般出于以下三种情况:
1.依照先行词的要求。
例:
Theageatwhichyoungpeopleare
allowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldbe
raisedtoatleast21.
2.由于从句中某个词的要求,通常是动词和形
容词。
Itisatheorytowhichmanyeconomists
subscribe.
3.一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用,如:
withone’shelp/withwhosehelp;inone’s
honor/inwhosehonor;inthis(that)case/in
whichcase,等。
例:
Weextendourwarmwelcometothevisiting
delegationinwhosehonoragrandbanquet
wasgiven.
状语从句(时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、
结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状)
1.时状特殊引导词:
themoment,theminute,theinstant,directly,
immediately,instantly.
hardly/scarcely…when…;
nosooner…than…;(若描述过去状况,前半部
分多用过去完成时,后半部分一般过去时)
例:
Hardlyhadheassumedtheleadershiprole
whenhebegantoputonairs.
2.条件状特殊引导词:
provided/providing;
suppose/supposing;
as(so)longas.
3.目的状引导词:
sothat,inorderthat,soasto,inorder
to,inthehopethat…,onpurposethat…,
forthepurposethat…,lest,incase,for
fearthat.
4.方式状引导词:
as;asthough/asif;theway;
5.结果状特殊引导词:
sothat,tothedegree/extentthat;to
suchadegree/extentthat;
6.原因状引导词:
Because,as,since,for,
inthat,nowthat,given(that),
seeingthat.
sothat引导结果状从和目的状从的区别:
前者中通常sothat前有逗号,与主句分开,后
者通常没有逗号。
Heturnedtheradioup,sothateveryone
heardthenews.
Heturnedtheradioupsothateveryone
mighthearthenews.
(1).as,for引导的主、从句,二者处于平等位置。
(2).because引导的从句一般比主句重要,强调原因。
(3).since引导的从句一般次要,主句重要,以说明
将要做什么。
Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet
thismorning.
Becauseitrainedlastnight,theground
iswetthismorning.
Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sgetstarted.
7.让步状特殊引导词:
while;although…yet/still;
adj/adv/Ved/n(不加冠词)+as+主+谓;
V+as+主+助动词(may,might,can,could,
will…)
例:
Poorasheis,heisverygenerous.
MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagree
withhim.
Praisedashewas,hewasmodest.
Childasheis,heknowscommonsense.
Tryasyouwill,youwon’tmanageit.
whatever,whoever,whichever既可作关系
代词引导定从,也可作连词引导让步状从,区别
是:
Takewhateveryouwant.
whatever=anythingthat.
Wehavedecidedtodoso,whatever
happens.
whatever=nomatterwhat.
试比较:
Whoevermaytroubleyou,Iwillhelp
youtothelast.
Whoeverhasfinishedthetestmaygo
out.
8.比较状语从句:
(1).倍数比较:
AisNtimes形比thanB.
AisN+1timesas形asB.
AisN+1timesthenofB.
(2)Themore…..,themore…..结构
(3).notAsomuchasB
notsomuchAasB
notsomuchAbutB
(If)themoreyouknow,themore
youknowyoudon’tknow.
(If)thelongerwestaytogether,
themorepassionatelyattached
wearetoeachother.
(If)nopains,nogains.
(If)nomoney,nohoney.
(If)norepresentation,notaxation.
(4).Aisnomore…thanBàneither…
nor…
Aisnotmore…thanBàless…than…
Aisnoless…thanBàboth…and…
Aisnotless…thanBàmore…than…
nomorethanàonly,just
notmorethanàatmost
nolessthanàasmuchas
notlessthanàatleast
1.SheisnomorepleasedthanI.
2.SheisnotmorepleasedthanI.
3.Whathedidwasnolessthana
miracle.
4.Heisnomorethan10.
5.Heisnolessthan10.
非谓语结构:
V-ing,V-ed,todo.
语法功能:
V-ing:
定,表,状,补。
V-ed:
定,表,状,补。
todo:
主,宾,定,状,补,独立成分。
独立成分:
tobehonest,tobeginwith..等.
问题:
Sb+is+adj+todo的todo做什么成分?
It+is+adj+todo的todo作什么成分?
不带to的不定式:
1.感官动词之后:
see,hear,watch,notice,
find等。
2.使役动词之后:
let,make,have等。
注意:
若以上结构转为被动语态,则必须加to。
Herinnocencemademefeelguilty.
变为:
Iwasmade________guiltybyher
innocence.
3.一些固定搭配:
makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,let
slip,letfly,letgoof,leavegoof,等。
4.在下列句型中:
1).hadbetter,
2).wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldjust
assoon
3).mightaswell
4).cannotbut/cannotchoosebut
5).cannothelpbut
Theonlythingtodowasaskthem
tocomehalfanhourlaterthanthe
otherguests.
Foryears,doctorshaveadvised
theirpatientstheonlything
takingmultivitaminsdoesisgive
themexpensiveurine.
现在分词与动名词的区别:
现在分词:
定,表,状,补。
动名词:
主,宾,表,定。
两者作表语的区别:
现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征;而动名词
作表语多表示主语的内容。
Theseresultsaremostsatisfying.
Herhobbyiscollectingstamps.
两者作定语的区别:
现在分词作定语表被修饰名词的行为状
态,一般可改为定语从句;动名词作定语表被
修饰名词的用途,一般不可改为定语从句。
asleepingcar/asleepingchild
areadingroom/areadinggirl
后接动名词的动词:
admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,
authorize,avoid,consider,contemplate,
delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,
encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,
excuse,face,fancy,feellike,finish,
forbid,forgive,giveup,can’thelp,
imagine,involve,mention,mind,miss,
overlook,permit,postpone,practice,
prohibit,putoff,recommend,resent,
risk,can’tstand,suggest,tolerate,
understand,等。
注意:
allowdoingàallowsbtodo.
advisedoingàadvisesbtodo.
forbiddoingàforbidsbtodo.
encouragedoingàencouragesbtodo.
authorizedoingàauthorizesbtodo.
remember/forget/regret/stop+doing,
其中的doing表先于这些动词之前发生的事。
remember/forget/regret/stop+todo,
其中的doing表这些动词之后发生的事。
比较:
Heforgottopaymeback.
Heforgotpayingmeback.
Iregretlettingslipthatopportunity.
Weregrettoinformyouthatwecannot
offeryouemployment.
todoing:
lookforwardtodoing,objectto
doing,be/getusedtodoing,prefer
doingtodoing,inadditiontodoing,
beaccustomedtodo/doing,amount
todoing,taketodoing,devote…to
doing,getroundtodoing.
havedifficulty/trouble/problem/
(great)fun/(great)pleasure/ahard
time/agoodtime(in)doing.
can’thelpdoing,can’tresistdoing,
can’tkeepfromdoing,can’trefrain
fromdoing,can’tholdbackfrom
doing,can’tkeepbackfromdoing.
注意:
can’thelpbutdo,can’tbutdo,
can’tchoosebutdo.
beworthdoing,beworthyofbeing
done/tobedone.
bebusydoing,bebusywithsth.
remindsbofsth,remindsbtodosth.
虚拟语气:
1.用在宾语从句中。
2.用在主语从句中。
3.用在状语从句中。
用于状从中(多见于if从句):
1.与现在相反:
从句:
if+主语+did/were,
主句:
主语+would(could,should,might)+do。
2.与过去相反:
从句:
if+主语+haddone/hadbeen,
主句:
主语+would(could,should,might)+have
done(been)。
3.与将来相反:
从句:
if+主语+wereto(should)+do,
主句:
主语+would(could,should,might)+do。
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