Lesson Three Why Historians Disagree.docx
- 文档编号:23694373
- 上传时间:2023-05-20
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:33
- 大小:36.09KB
Lesson Three Why Historians Disagree.docx
《Lesson Three Why Historians Disagree.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Lesson Three Why Historians Disagree.docx(33页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
LessonThreeWhyHistoriansDisagree
LessonThreeWhyHistoriansDisagree
PartOneWarm-up
I.Questions
1.Whatwouldyouexpectbylookingatthetitle?
2.Howwouldyouliketodevelopthisarticle?
3.Whatdoyouthinkthestudentsofhistorystudy?
4.Whydopeoplestudyhistory?
Wouldyouliketobeahistorian?
Whyorwhynot?
5.WhoisthemostcontroversialfigureintheChinesehistory?
Why?
Exemplifyyourreasoning.
II.Quiz
Doyouknow?
1.JoanofArc’sLife
a.13thcenturyb.9thcenturyc.15thcenturyd.11thcentury
2.TheBlackDeath
a.10thcenturyb.16thcentury
c.12thcenturyd.14thcentury(1.c2.d)
3.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasformallyadoptedon_____.
a.July4,1776b.July14,1776c.July4,1861d.July14,1778
4.ThedirectcausetoAmericanIndependenceWaris_____.
a.BostonTeaPartyb.ChartistMovement
c.IndustrialRevolution
d.ShotinLexington(3.a4.a)
5.“NeverbeforethatstartledAprilmorningdidsuchmultitudesofmenshedtearsforthedeathofonetheyhadneverseen…theircommonmanhoodhadlostakinsman.”TheselinesaredevotedtowhichPresidentinAmerica?
a.Washingtonb.Jefferson
c.Churchilld.Lincoln
6.OnJune6,___,thefirstContingentsofanAmericanandBritishinvasionarmylandedonthebeachesofNormandy.
a.1941b.1942c.1943d.19445.(d6.d)
III.History&HistoricalFigures
WatergateAffairGandhi
InterpretationofDreamsNixon
NewDealBush
BattleofWaterlooRoosevelt
CivilDisobedienceMovementFreud
GulfWarNapoleon
IV.HistoricalEventsinFilms
Herearesomefilmclipsforyoutoenjoy.Pleasetelluswhathistoricaleventisdepictedinthefilm.
V.AnEssay
OnLookingBack
ByGeorgeGissing
Nevertheless,mylifeisover.Whatalittlething!
AtleastIcanlookbackuponitscompletedcourse.Iamtemptedtolaugh.Andthatisbest,tosmilenotinscorn,butinallforbearance,withouttoomuchself-compassion.Afterall,thatdreadfulaspectofthethingneverreallytookholdofme;Icouldputitbywithoutmucheffort.
Lifeisdone—andwhatmatter?
Whetherithasbeen,insum,painfulorenjoyable,evennowIcannotsay—afactwhichinitselfshouldpreventmefromtakingthelosstooseriously.Whatdoesitmatter?
DestinywiththehiddenfacedecreedthatIshouldcomeintobeing,playmylittlepart,andpassagainintosilence;isitmineeithertoapproveortorebel?
LetmebegratefulthatIhavesufferednointolerablewrong,noterriblewoeoffleshorspirit,suchasothers—alas!
alas!
—havefoundintheirlot.
Isitnotmuchtohaveaccomplishedsolargeapartofthemortaljourneywithsomuchease?
IfIfindmyselfastonishedatitsbrevityandsmallsignificance,why,thatisyownfault;thevoicesofthosegonebeforehadsufficientlywarnedme.Bettertoseethetruthnow,andacceptit,thantofallintodreadsurpriseonsomedayofweakness,andfoolishlytocryagainstfate.Iwillbegladratherthansorry,andthinkofthethingnomore.
PartTwoBackgroundInformation
I.Authors
ThepresenttextisbasedontheintroductiontoabookentitledConflictandConsensusinModernAmericanHistoryeditedbyAllenF.DavisandHaroldD.Woodman,professorsatTempleUniversityandPurdueUniversityrespectively,whoalsowrotetheintroduction.
II.WoodrowWilson
WoodrowWilson(1856-1924),America’s28thPresident(1913-1921),wasaprofessoroflaw,thepresidentofPrincetonUniversity,andthegovernorofNewJerseybeforehewaselectedtotheWhiteHouse.
WhenWoodrowWilsontookoffice,hefacedeconomiccrisis,democraticdecay,andaworldatwar.Meetingthosechallengeswithprogressiveideasandhigh-mindedideals,hereinventedthepresidency,craftingavibrantlegacythathasdefinedthepowersandresponsibilitiesofeverypresidenttothisday.
III.ZimmermanNote
TheZimmermanNotewasacommuniquéauthoredbyGermanForeignSecretaryArthurZimmermanandinterceptedbyAmericanIntelligence.ThenotehadbeendesignedtoenticeMexicointodeclaringwaragainsttheUnitedStatesshouldtheU.S.declarewaronGermany.Asareward,MexicowouldthenreceiveArizona,NewMexico,andTexasafterthewar.
FulltextofTheZimmermannTelegram:
thefirstofFebruaryweintendtobeginsubmarinewarfareunrestricted.Inspiteofthis,itisourintentiontoendeavortokeepneutraltheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
Ifthisattemptisnotsuccessful,weproposeanallianceonthefollowingbasiswithMexico:
Thatweshallmakewartogetherandtogethermakepeace.Weshallgivegeneralfinancialsupport,anditisunderstoodthatMexicoistoreconquerthelostterritoryinNewMexico,Texas,andArizona.Thedetailsarelefttoyouforsettlement.
YouareinstructedtoinformthePresidentofMexicooftheaboveinthegreatestconfidenceassoonasitiscertainthattherewillbeanoutbreakofwarwiththeUnitedStatesandsuggestthatthePresidentofMexico,onhisowninitiative,shouldcommunicatewithJapansuggestingadherenceatoncetothisplan;atthesametime,offertomediatebetweenGermanyandJapan.
PleasecalltotheattentionofthePresidentofMexicothattheemploymentofruthlesssubmarinewarfarenowpromisestocompelEnglandtomakepeaceinafewmonths.
Zimmerman
(SentJanuary19,1917)
PartThreeTextAppreciation
I.TextAnalysis
1.Style
Thisisapieceofexpositorywriting.
Thepurposeofexpositorywritingistoexplainortogivethereaderinformationtohelphimunderstandtheworldaroundhim.
2.StylisticFeature
(1)longsentences
(2)formalwords(3)impersonalstructures
3.Theme
Inthisessaythetwoauthorsdiscussthedefinitionofhistory,theroleofthehistoriansandthereasonswhyhistoriansdisagree
4.Structure
PartI(Paras.1—3)Howthestudentsofhistorymajorstudyhistoryandwhatconfusethem
PartII(Paras.4—10)Historiansmayviewthesamehistoricaleventfromdifferentperspectives
PartIII(Paras.11—13)Theauthorssummarizethereasonswhyhistoriansdisagreeandthedisagreementiseverlasting.
Whatarethethreedefinitionsofhistory?
inthebroadestsense:
thewholeofthehumanpast
inarestrictedsense:
therecordedpartofhumanlife
inacommonsense:
whathistorianswriteaboutthepast
Whatistheroleofthehistorians?
Historiansdonotjustcollectfacts.Theygivemeaningtothefacts.
Whydohistoriansdisagree?
Becausehistorianshavedifferentinterestsandadifferentunderstandingofhumanmotivationandhumanbehaviorwhichinturnisduetotheirdifferentbackgroundinage,sex,race,class,education,religion,politics,etc.,theytendnotonlytobeinterestedindifferentfactsbutalsointerpretthesamefactsdifferently.
Question:
WhatisthemisunderstandingtheauthorsaretryingtoclarifyinPara.1?
Historyisjustthefactsofnames,datesandstatisticsofthepast.Thestudyofhistoryisthestudyofthese“facts”aboutthepast.
Question:
WhatistheconfusionofthestudentsputforwardinParas.2-3?
1.Historianswhoarewrongmayhavetheir“facts”correct.
2.Contendinghistoriansmoreorlessagreeonthesamefacts,butcometodifferentconclusions.
3.Itseemsthathistoricaltruthbecomesamatterofpersonalpreference.
4.It’shardtodecidewhichofthetwoopposedpointsofviewaboutaneventiscorrect
Question:
WhatisthemainideaofParas.7—8?
Howarethetwoparagraphsdeveloped?
Paras.7—8isaboutthefactorsforAmericanentryintoWWI.
Thetwoparagraphsaredevelopedbywayofexemplification.
Question:
WhatisthemainideaofParas.9—10?
Whataretheinterpretationsofthethreeschools?
Paras.9—10isabouthowthethreeschoolsinterpretthesefactors.
Firstgroup:
Thesearetheonlyimportantonesandtheyareequallyimportant;
Secondgroup:
Thelistisincomplete—leavingoutWilson’spro-Britishattitude;
Thirdgroup:
Thesearenotofequalimportance—bankers’influenceisthemostimportant.
Question:
WhatcanbeconcludedinParas.9—10?
Conclusion:
Subject—thesame:
AmericanentryintoWWI
facts—different
reason—differentpointsofview
Question:
WhatarethetworeasonslistedinPara.11toexplainwhyhistoriansdisagree?
1.Theybeginfromdifferentpremises.
2.Theyaremerelyconsideringdifferentlevelsofcausesandeffect.
Question:
Howdotheauthorsviewthecontroversyamonghistorians?
Thecontroversynotonlyliesbetweenhistorians,butalsohappenstothesamehistorianwiththediscoveryofnewinformationandprogressofthesociety.Itisimpossibletoremovethecontroversyanditistheveryexistenceofthecontroversythatlendsexcitementtothestudyofhistory.
5.FurtherDiscussion
Ofthethreepossibledefinitionsofhistorytheauthorshavelistedinthetext,whichdoyouthinkisthemostaccurate?
Why?
Dohistorianseveragreeintheirinterpretationofahistoricalevent?
Canyouthinkofafewexamplesonwhichthehistorianssharplydisagree?
Howcometheydisagreesincetheyaredealingwithfacts?
Whentwohistoriansdisagree,doesitalwaysmeanthatonehistorianisrightandtheotheriswrong?
Whynot?
Isitsafetosaythathistorianscandiffer,buttheycanneverbewrong?
Willthedisagreementamonghistorianseventuallycometoanendoneday?
Whyandwhynot?
Doyouaccepttheviewthatthisdisagreementiswhatlendsexcitementtothestudyofhistory?
Doyouthinkthathistoryisascience?
Ifyouranswerisyes,wouldyousaythatitisasciencejustlikephysicsandmathematics?
Notonlyhistoriansbutalsowedisagreewitheachother?
Howdoesithappen?
II.WritingDevice
Exposition
1.Whatisexposition?
Expositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining
2.Whoaremostlikelytousetheexpositorywritingstyle?
Itismo
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Lesson Three Why Historians Disagree