托福基础班阅读讲义.docx

托福基础班阅读讲义.docx

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托福基础班阅读讲义

2011托福基础班阅读练习材料

细节题

APPLIEDARTSANDFINEARTS

Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable,whichrequiresanunderstandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate,crack,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthatmustbe

overcomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthework.Forexample,intheearlyItalianRenaissanee,bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforelegusuallyhadacannonballunderthathoof.Thiswasdonebecausethecannonballwasneededtosupporttheweightoftheleg.Inotherwords,thedemandsofthelawsofphysics,notthesculptor'saestheticintentions,placedtheballthere.Thatthisdevicewasanecessarystructuralcompromiseisclearfromthefactthatthecannonballquicklydisappearedwhensculptorslearnedhowtostrengthentheinternalstructureofastatuewithironbraces（ironbeingmuchstrongerthanbronze）.

Q1:

Accordingtoparagraph2,sculptorsintheItalianRenaissaneestoppedusingcannonballsinbronzestatuesofhorsesbecause

（A）Theybeganusingamaterialthatmadethestatuesweighless

（B）Theyfoundawaytostrengthenthestatuesinternally

（C）Theaesthetictastesofthepublichadchangedovertime

（D）Thecannonballsaddedtoomuchweighttothestatues

LAKEBAIKAL

Crescent-shapedLakeBaikal,inSiberia,isonlytheninthlargestlakeinareaat385miles（650km）inlengthand46miles（74km）inwidth,yetitiseasilythelargestbodyoffreshwaterintheworld.Itholdsone-fifthoftheworld'stotalfreshwater,whichismorethanthetotalofallthewaterinthefiveGreatLakes;itholdssomuchfreshwaterinspiteofitsless-than-impressiveareabecauseitisbyfartheworld'sdeepestlake.Theaveragedepthofthelakeis1,312feet（400meters）belowsealevel,andtheOlkhonCrevice,thelowestknownpoint,ismorethan5,250feet（1,600meters）deep.

LakeBaikal,whichtodayislocatednearthecenteroftheAsianpeninsula,ismostlikelytheworld'soldestlake.Itbeganforming25millionyearsagoasAsiastartedsplittingapartinaseriesofgreatfaults.TheBaikalValleydroppedaway,eventuallyfillingwithwaterandcreatingthedeepestoftheworld'slakes.

Q2:

Whatisstatedinparagraph1abouttheshapeofLakeBaikal?

（A）Itiswiderthanitislong.

（B）Itiscircularinshape.

（C）Itswidthisone-halfofitslength.

（D）Itisshapedlikeanewmoon.

Q3:

Itisindicatedinparagraph1thattheareaofLakeBaikal

（A）islessthantheareaofeightotherlakes

（B）isone-ninththeareaofSiberia

（C）isgreaterthantheareaofanyotherfreshwaterlake

（D）isequaltotheareaofthefiveGreatLakes

Q4:

Accordingtoparagraph1,LakeBaikal

（A）holdsone-fifthoftheworld'swater

（B）holdsfivetimesthewateroftheGreatLakes

（C）holdsone-ninthoftheworld'swater

（D）holds20percentoftheworld'sfreshwater

Q5:

Accordingtoparagraph1,theOlkhonCreviceis

（A）outsideofLakeBaikal

（B）400metersbelowsealevel

（C）thedeepestpartofLakeBaikal

（D）5,000metersdeep

Q6:

Itismentionedinparagraph2thatLakeBaikal

（A）isnotasoldassomeotherlakes

（B）formedwhensectionsoftheEarthweremovingawayfromeachother

（C）wasfullyformed25millionyearsago

（D）istodaylocatedontheedgeoftheAsianpeninsula

THEPOSTAGESTAMP

Thepostagestamphasbeenaroundforonlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime.TheuseofstampsforpostagewasfirstproposedinEnglandin1837,whenSirRowlandHillpublishedapamphletentitled"PostOfficeReform:

ItsImportaneeandPracticability"toputforththeideasthatpostalratesshouldnotbebasedonthedistaneethataletterorpackagetravelsbutshouldinsteadbebasedontheweightoftheletterorpackageandthatfeesforpostalservicesshouldbecollectedinadvanceofthedelivery,ratherthanafter,throughtheuseofpostagestamps.

TheideasproposedbyHillwentintoeffectinEnglandalmostimmediately,andothercountriessoonfollowedsuit.ThefirstEnglishstamp,whichfeaturedaportraitofthenQueenVictoria,wasprintedin1840.Thisstamp,the"pennyblack,"cameinsheetsthatneededtobeseparatedwithscissorsandprovidedenoughpostageforaletterweighing14gramsorlesstoanydestination.In1843,Brazilwasthenextnationtoproducenationalpostagestamps,andvariousareasinwhatistodaySwitzerlandalsoproducedpostagestampslaterinthesameyear.Postagestampsinfive-andten-centdenominationswerefirstapprovedbytheU.S.Congressin1847,andby1860postagestampswerebeingissuedinmorethan90governmentaljurisdictionsworldwide.

Q7:

Accordingtoparagraph1,postagestampswerefirstsuggested

（A）inthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury

（B）inthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcentury

（C）inthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury

（D）inthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury

Q8:

Itisindicatedinparagraph1thatSirRowlandHillbelievedthatpostagefees

（A）shouldbepaidbythesender

（B）shouldberelatedtodistance

（C）shouldhavenothingtodowithhowheavyapackageis

（D）shouldbecollectedafterthepackageisdelivered

Q9:

|Whatisstatedinparagraph2aboutthefirstEnglishpostagestamp?

（A）ItwasdesignedbyQueenVictoria.

（B）Itcontainedadrawingofablackpenny.

（C）Itwasproducedinsheetsof14stamps.

（D）Itcouldbeusedtosendalightweightletter.

Q10:

Accordingtoparagraph2,Brazilintroducedpostagestamps

（A）beforeEngland

（B）beforeSwitzerland

（C）aftertheUnitedStates

（D）afterSwitzerland

Q11:

Itismentionedinparagraph2thatin1847

（A）postagestampswereinusein90differentcountries

（B）itcostfifteencentstomailaletterintheUnitedStates

（C）twodifferentdenominationsofpostagestampswereintroducedintheUnitedStates

（D）theU.S.Congressintroducedthe"pennyblack"stamp

FLATFISH

Membersoftheflatfishfamily,sanddabsandflounders,haveanevolutionaryadvantageovermanycolorfullydecoratedoceanneighborsinthattheyareabletoadapttheirbodycolorationtodifferentenvironments.Theseaquaticchameleonshaveflattenedbodiesthatarewell-suitedtolifealongtheoceanfloorintheshallowerareasofthecontinentalshelfthattheyinhabit.Theyalsohaveremarkablysensitivecolorvisionthatregistersthesubtlestgradationsontheseabottomandinthesealifearoundthem.Informationaboutthecolorationoftheenvironmentiscarriedthroughthenervoussystemtochromatophores,whicharepigment-carryingskincells.These

chromatophoresareabletoaccuratelyreproducenotonlythecolorsbutalsothetextureoftheoceanfloor.Eachtimethatasanddaborflounderfindsitselfinanewenvironment,thepatternonthebodyofthefishadaptstofitinwiththecolorandtexturearoundit.

Q12:

ItisNOTstatedinthepassagethatsanddabsAareatypeofflatfish

Bareinthesamefamilyasflounders

Chaveevolved

Darecolorfullydecorated

Q13:

Accordingtothepassages,itisNOTtruethatsanddabsandfloundersAhaveflattenedbodies

Blivealongtheoceanfloor

Cliveinthedeepestpartoftheocean

Dlivealongthecontinentalshelf

Q14:

AllofthefollowingarestatedaboutthevisionofsanddabsandfloundersEXCEPTthattheyare

Aoverlysensitivetolight

Babletoseecolors

Cabletoseetheseabottom

Dawareoftheirsurroundings

Q15:

ItisNOTtruethatchromatophores

Aareskincells

Bcarrypigment

Cadapttosurroundingcolors

Dchangetheoceanfloor

Q16:

ItisNOTmentionedinthepassagethatsanddabsandfloundersAmovetonewenvironments

Badapttheirbehavior

Ccanchangecolor

Dadapttotexturesaroundthem

WRIGLEY'SCHEWINGGUM

Wrigley'schewinggumwasactuallydevelopedasapremiumtobegivenawaywithotherproductsratherthanasaprimaryproductforsale.Asateenager,WilliamWrigleyJr.wasworkingforhisfatherinChicagosellingsoapthathadbeenmanufacturedinfivecents,andthissellingpricedidnotleaveagoodprofitmarginforthemerchants.Wrigleyconvincedhisfathertoraisethepricetotencentsandtogiveawaycheapumbrellasasapremiumforthemerchants.Thisworkedsuccessfully,confirmingtoWrigleythattheuseofpremiumswasaneffectivesalestool.

Wrigleythenestablishedhisowncompany;inhiscompanyhewassellingsoapasawholesaler,givingbakingsodaawayasapremium,andusingacookbooktopromoteeachdeal.Overtime,thebakingsodaandcookbookbecamemorepopularthanthesoap,soWrigleybegananewoperationsellingbakingsoda.Hebeganhuntingforanewpremiumitemtogiveawaywithsalesofbakingsoda;hesoondecidedonchewinggum.Onceagain,whenWrigleyrealizedthatdemandforthepremiumwasstrongerthanthedemandfortheoriginalproduct,hecreatedtheWm.WrigleyJr.Companytoproduceandsellchewinggum.

Wrigleystartedoutwithtwobrandsofgum,VassarandLottaGum,andsoonintroducedJuicyFruitandSpearmint.Thelattertwobrandsgrewinpopularity,whilethefirsttwowerephasedout.JuicyFruitandSpearmintaretwoofWrigley'smainbrandstothisday.

Q17:

ItisNOTindicatedinparagraph1thatyoungWilliamwasworkingAinChicago

Bforhisfather

Casasoapsalesman

Dinhisfather'sfactory

Q18:

Accordingtoparagraph1,itisNOTtruethatthesoapthatyoungWrigleywassellingAwasoriginallywell-liked

Bwasoriginallypricedatfivecents

Coriginallyprovidedlittleprofitformerchants

Deventuallybecamemorepopularwithmerchants

Q19:

Accordingtoparagraph2,itisNOTtruethat,whenW