崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx
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崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx
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崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究毕业论文外文翻译
英文文献及翻译
IMPETUSFORWORSHIP:
ANEXPLORATORYSTUDYOFADOLESCENTS’IDOLADORATIONBEHAVIORS
INTRODUCTION
TheobjectiveofthisarticleistoexploretheidolizationbehaviorsofTaiwaneseadolescents.Thestudygathered1,636questionnairesfrom13seniorhighschoolsacrossnorthern,central,southern,andeasternTaiwan.Theresultsindicatethatadolescents'gendercorrelateswiththeidoltypetheychoosetoadorewhentheidolismale.Thisstudysummarizes"exterior,""interior,""wealth,"and"athlete"asfourunderlyingidoltraitsattractingadolescents.Varioustypesofidolsareconsideredtobesignificantlydifferentonthesefourtraits.Theimpactsofthefourtraitsonadolescents'worshiplevelsarenonsymmetrical.Whilethetraitsofexteriorandathleteareworshipfacilitators,thetraitofwealthisaprohibitor.Bycontrast,thetraitofinteriorisneutralandhasnoeffectonworshiplevels.Furthermore,adolescentsareinvolvedinhigherlevelsofworshipwhentheidolisamediastaroristheoppositegenderoftheadolescent.Generally,adolescents'worshiplevelsareheightenedbytheillusionofaperfectidol,indicatingnonrationalworshipbehaviors.Implicationsregardingtheassociationbetweenadolescents'cognitiveabilitiesandidols'traitsarediscussedforfutureresearch.
Thephenomenonofidolizationisacharacteristicofadolescence.Anidolissomeonewhosetalents,achievements,status,orphysicalappearanceareespeciallyrecognizedandappreciatedbyhisorherfans.Sinceobjectsofidolizationcomefromvariousdomainsoflife,sportchampions,movieactors/actresses,televisionpersonalities,popstars,andpoliticalorreligiousleaderscanallbeidolizedfigures(Raviv,Bar-tal,Raviv,&Ben-Horn,1996).Idolizationcantakemanydifferentforms.FromextremecasesofsuicidesandskippinglessonstocatchaglimpseoftheiridolstolisteningtoCDscasuallyeverynowandthen,adolescentsshowtheirdevotionandadmirationoftheiridolsinvariousdifferentways(McCutcheon,Lange,&Houran,2002).
Psychologistsbelievethatduringadolescents'transitiontoadulthoodtheyformstrongattachmentstofiguresaroundthemastheysearchfortheirownidentity(Greene&Adams-Price,1990;Ravivetal.,1996;Yue&Cheung,2000).Undersuchcircumstances,identificationwithsomeadultsorpeeridolsenablesadolescentstoseekinformationorvaluesandtopreparethemselvesforanadultrole(Erikson,1964;1968).Despitethisimportantphenomenon,researchonidolizationbehaviorislacking(Cheng,1997;Yue&Cheung,2000).
Thereareseveralreasonswhyitmaybeimportanttostudycelebrityidolization(Engle&Kasser,2005).First,theidentityofadolescentsispartiallyconstructedbyinteractingwithpopularmediaandcelebrities.AsperSteeleandBrown's(1995)conclusionthatmediaactivitiesareimportantdeterminantsofadolescents'cognitionsandbehaviorsandthatmediaaresometimesevenusedtoregulatemood,itisnecessarytounderstandwhyandhowidolizationformsinadolescents.Second,idolizationisanavenuebywhichtheyexploreromanticviewsandattitudestowardinterpersonalrelationships,especiallyforgirls.Karniol(2001)suggestedthatidolizationmayaffectthetypesofrelationshipstheyform.Third,idolizationmaybeinvolvedinasubject'swell-being.Forinstance,Cheng(1997)foundthatcelebrityfanclubmembersinHongKongreportedlowerself-esteemthandidnon-fanclubmembers.Finally,idolizationisclearlyrelevanttotheeconomicbehaviorofadolescents.
StudiesonidolizationinChinesesocietiesareequallyrareandhavebeenmostlyconductedinHongKong(So&Chan,1992;Wong&Ma,1997;Chan,Cheung,Lee,Leung,&Liu,1998;Cheung&Yue,1999;Yue&Cheung,2000;seealsoYue&Cheung,2000forareview).ThepurposeofthisstudyistoclarifythesocialorpersonalityattributesofanidolandamodelasperceivedbyadolescentsinaChinesesociety—Taiwan.ThisexploratorystudyattemptstodescribeindepththepatternsofTaiwaneseadolescents'idolworshipbehaviors.Specifically,wedelineatetheidoltraitswhichattractadolescents,examinehowadolescentsratetheirfavoriteidolsbasedonunderlyingidoltraits,andfinallyexploretherelationshipbetweenidoltraitsandadolescents'worshiplevels.
Participants
Amailsurveywasconductedofstudentsfrom13seniorhighschoolsacrossTaiwan;2,100questionnairesweremailedand1,958werereturned.Afterdeletingquestionnaireswithincompletedata,1,636wereusedforanalysis.Theresponseratewas77.9%.
Measures
Thequestionnairewasdesignedtomeasurerespondents'criteriaforchoosingfavoriteidolsandmodels.Itiscomposedofidolcharacteristics,reasonsforworship,intensityofrespondents'worshiplevels,andrespondents'characteristics.EightdichotomousitemsregardingreasonsforworshipwereaugmentedfromChiang(2003).Theworshiplevelsweremeasuredusingthe17-item,5-pointLikerttypecelebrityworshipscale(McCutcheonetal.,2002).ThereliabilityofthecelebrityworshipscaleestimatedwithCronbach'salphawas0.94.Theworshiplevels(McCutcheonetal.,2002)suggestthreeincreasinglyextremesetsofidolworshipbehavior:
individualisticbehaviors,socialactivities,andborderlinepathology.Asworshiplevelincreases,thesebehaviorsincreasinglyoccurtogether.Sincethecelebrityworshipconstructisbestconsideredasunidimensional,wecalculatethemeanscoreofthe17itemstorepresentrespondents'intensityofworshiplevels.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS
SampleCharacteristics
Thesampleofadolescentsiscomposedofmorefemales(83.3%)thanmales(16.7%),andthemeanageis17yearswitharangefrom15to19.Thirty-twopercentoftheadolescentsareintheirfirstlevelofseniorhighschool,32.8%inthesecondlevel,and35.6%inthethirdlevel.Theresidentialareasofthesampleare34.2%innorthernTaiwan,32.5%incentralTaiwan,23.9%insouthernTaiwan,and9.4%ineasternTaiwan.Overall,thesampleappearstobeadequateinrepresentingTaiwaneseseniorhighschooladolescents'idoladorationbehaviors.Table1summarizesthesamplecharacteristics.
Adolescents'FavoriteIdols
Thegenderoftheadolescents'favoriteidolsismoremale(65.4%)thanfemale(34.6%).ConsistentwithYueandCheung'sresultsinHongKong(2000),most(66.8%)oftheselectedfavoriteidolsarecelebritiesinmediaorentertainmentfields(e.g.,actors,singers,orathletes).Some(10.1%)arenoncelebrities(e.g.,family,friends,orteachers),andsome(10.7%)arefictitiouscharacters(e.g.,Spiderman),whereasfewarepoliticians(3.0%),intellectuals(4.6%),orentrepreneurs(4.8%).Accordingtotheresults,adolescentstendtoworshipidolswhoareaccessibleintheirdailylives(e.g.,noncelebrities)orthroughmassmedia(e.g.,mediastarsandfictitiouscharacters).Astothereasonsforidolization,"Good-looking"waschosenmost(41.4%),while"rich"wastheleast(9.0%).Table2summarizestheidolcharacteristicsandreasonsforidolization.
DoesGenderMatter?
Sincethedataonidols'characteristicsshowagenderdifferenceintermsoffavorites,moreextensiveanalyseswereconducted.Resultsindicatethatthegenderofmorethanhalfoftheadolescents(55.5%)choseisoppositefromthatoftheirfavoriteidols.Table3showsthatgenderofadolescentsandidolsareassociated(x2
(1)=29.16,p<0.01).Femaleadolescentsappeartoprefermaleidols(62.6%)tofemaleidols(37.4%),whereasthisphenomenonisthesameformaleadolescents,whosefavoriteidolsalsoaremoremale(79.%)thanfemale(20.4%).Ontheotherhand,maleadolescentsadoremaleidolsmore(79.6%)thandofemaleadolescents(62.6%).
Wenextanalyzedtheassociationbetweenadolescents'genderandthetypesoffavoriteidols.AsshowninTable4,whentheidolisfemale,adolescents'genderandidoltypesarenotassociated(x2(5)=1.32,p>0.5).However,whentheidolismale(seeTable5),adolescents'genderissignificantlyrelatedtotheidoltypes(x2(5)=27.54,p<0.01).Table5showsthatfemaleadolescentsworshipmoremalemediastars(69.2%)thandomales(51.8%).Bycontrast,maleadolescentsworshipmoremalepoliticians(7.3%)andmorefictitiouscharacters(19.3%)thandofemales(2.8%forpoliticiansand13.1%forfictitiouscharacters).
Overall,theresultisinlinewiththatofRavivetal.(1996)—thatmostofthemaleandfemaleadolescentschooseamalemediastarastheirfavoriteratherthanafemaleandratherthanothertypesofidols.Despitetheconsistencybetweenmaleandfemaleadolescents'selections,thepsychologicalprocessesaresupposedtobedistinctfromeachother.Thefindingsforthefemalemightbeduetothefactthatmalemediastarsprovideasafeandconvenientromanticattachmentforfemaleadolescents(Adams-Price&Greene,1990;Karniol,2001),whereasidentificationattachmentaccountsformales'worshipofmalemediastars(Adams-Price&Greene,1990).Furthermore,whenconsideringtheabsolutenumbersinTables4and5,wefoundonly21femalefictitiousidols(vs.154malefictitiousidols)andonly9femalepoliticians(vs.40malepoliticians).Thedifferencesmayreflectgenderinequalityinthevirtualworldandinthepoliticalfield.
UnderlyingIdolTraitsthatAttractAdolescents
Becausethereareeightcausesforworshippingidols,thenextanalysisrevealedthemajordimensionsofvariationbetweenthesereasonsforworship.Wedefinedthedichotomousitemsofreasonstoworshipasordinalandthusappliedcategoricalprincipalcomponentsanalysisforquantifyingtheobservedreasons.Table6summarizestheresults.Fourmeaningfuldimensions,accountingfor69%ofthevariance,werer
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