The Study on Bilingual Education in Middle School中学阶段双语教学研究.docx
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The Study on Bilingual Education in Middle School中学阶段双语教学研究.docx
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TheStudyonBilingualEducationinMiddleSchool中学阶段双语教学研究
TheStudyonBilingualEducationinMiddleSchool
中学阶段双语教学研究
Abstract
InChina,especiallyafteritsentryintotheWTO,thereemergesanurgentneedforbilingualtalentsthatareingoodcommandofbothprofessionalknowledgeandChineseandEnglishproficiency.NotonlyChina,butalsomanyothercountrieshaverealizedthefactthattraditionalforeignlanguageclassescanhardlymeetthedemandofmasteryofthatforeignlanguage,andbilingualeducationisoneoftheeffectivemethodstofosterbilingualtalents.Therefore,bothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesbegintopaymuchattentiontobilingualeducationandbilingualteaching.Bilingualeducationisaneducationpolicyofanation,whilebilingualteachingisateachingmethodorstrategy.AsthereisnobilingualeducationpolicyinChina,thepracticeinourcountrycanonlybereferredtoasbilingualteaching.
Thepaperwilltotallydiscussfouraspectsofbilingualeducation.Thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionsofbasicconcepts,andthenthepapertoucheswiththebilingualteachinginChina,afterthatthepapergivesanoverviewofbilingualteachinginChina,atlastthepaperillustratestheimplicationsforbilingualteachinginChina.
Keywords:
bilingualeducation;bilingualteaching;secondlanguage
摘要
在中国,特别是中国加入世界贸易组织以来,对于精通汉语和英语并具备良好专业知识的人才有着迫切的需求。
不仅仅是中国,还有许多其他国家已经意识到传统外语课程几乎不能满足掌握这门语言的需求这一不争的事实。
双语教学是一种有效的培养双语人才的方法。
因此,无论发达国家还是发展中国家开始重视双语教育和双语教学。
双语教育是一个民族的一个教育政策,而双语教学是教学方法或战略。
由于没有双语教育制度在中国,在我国实践只能被称为双语教学。
本文总共讨论双语教学的四个方面。
首先论文要谈到双语教学的基本概念;其次论文要涉及到我国的双语教学;再次论文要阐述我国双语教学的概述;最后论文要说明我国双语教学的意义。
关键词:
双语教育;双语教学;第二语言
Contents
Abstract
摘要
1.Introduction1
2.DefinitionsofBasicConcepts2
2.1BilingualismandBilingual2
2.2BilingualEducation3
2.3BilingualEducationModels4
2.4TheEssenceandPurposeofBilingualEducation6
3.OverviewofBilingualTeachinginChina7
3.1BackgroundofBilingualEducationinChina7
3.2TheGoalofBilingualTeachinginChina9
3.3CharacteristicsofBilingualTeachinginChina10
3.3.1LackingofQualifiedTeachers10
3.3.2LackingofAppropriateTeachingMaterials11
3.3.3IncompetenceofStudents12
3.3.4LackingofBilingualTeachingTheory12
4.ImplicationsforBilingualTeachinginChina13
4.1StartingTimeofBilingualTeaching13
4.2CreatingofBilingualEnvironment14
4.3TrainingofBilingualTeachers15
4.4OrganizingofBilingualActivities16
4.5EnrichingofBilingualMaterials16
4.6ChangingoftheEvaluationSystem17
4.7DevelopingofBilingualTeachingTheory17
5.Conclusion18
1.Introduction
Bilingualeducation,whichistheuseofasecondorforeignlanguageinschoolfortheteachingofcontentsubjects,firstemergedinNorthAmericainthe1960sasawayofintegratingimmigrantsandminoritygrouppeopleandsolvingtheemploymentproblemsandlanguagebarriersineducation.Sincethenbilingualeducationbegantodevelopgradually.AfterCanadamadegreatsuccessinFrenchimmersionprogram,someothercountriesbegantoimplementbilingualeducation,suchasSingapore,India,Franceandsoon.From1960stonow,bilingualeducationhasexperiencedrapiddevelopmentbothintheoryandpractice.
InChina,withtheaccelerationofglobalizationandthegreatsocialandeconomicdevelopment,recentlybilingualeducationprogramsinChinahavecaughttheeyesofmanyChinesepeople,whilemanypeoplestilllackacompleteorpropercomprehensiononit.Someadorebilingualeducationandevenregarditasauniversalteachingmethodwhichcanbeappliedtoanyteachingoccasion.Someschoolsevenholdanattitudeofcopyingblindlythebilingualmodelfromothercountries.Onthecontrary,someofthemthinkthatbilingualeducationwhichsimplyasa“symboloffashion”inthefieldofeducation,istofollowthetrend.Andsomeotherpeopletotallydenythepossibilityandnecessityofbilingualeducation.Themisunderstandingleadstomanyteachingfailures,andtheteachingfailurescausemoremisunderstandingsandprejudicestowardsbilingualeducation.Howeveritcannotbedeniedthatsomebilingualeducationprogramsareprovedtobesuccessfulmanypeoplehavestartedtounderstandbilingualeducationintheproperway,andthegovernmenthasrealizedtheimportanceofbilingualeducation.InOctober2001,theMinistryofEducationofChinaissuedadocumentrequiringitssubordinateuniversities,collegesandsomemiddleschoolstoactivelypromotetheirEnglishteachingandbilingualcourses(i.e.usingChineseandEnglish)invariousacademicdisciplines.GreateffortshouldbemadetoincreasethenumberofEnglishclassesfrom5%to15%inaperiodofthreeyears,inthefieldofinformationtechnology,biologicaltechnology,financeandlaw,whicharefastdevelopingacademicdisciplinesworldwide.Recently,manymiddleschoolsinChinahavesetupsomebilingualcourses.Forexample,somemiddleschoolsinBeijing,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Dalian,Qingdaoandsoonhavedevelopedtheirownmodelsofbilingualeducation.MostoftheirteachersareabletoteachtheirsubjectsinEnglishandtheirstudentsareabletoadjustthemselvesandcatchupquickly.Onthewhole,mostofthesemiddleschoolsarelocatedineasternorcoastalareaswhichbelongtoeconomicallyadvancedregionsinChina,forthatthefastdevelopmentofeconomyacceleratesthedevelopmentofeducation.However,inthewesternareasofChina,thesituationisnotthesameasthatintheeasternandcoastaldevelopedareas.Thedevelopmentofbilingualeducationisjustfromitsbeginning.Manyaspectsfallbehindcomparedwiththatofmiddleschoolslocatedineasternandcoastaldevelopedareas.Thispaperwillhaveadescriptiononbilingualeducation.
2.DefinitionsofBasicConcepts
Asbilingualeducationbecomesmorepopularandwinsitsrecognitionandduestatusintheeducationalfield,peoplecouldn'thelpaskingquestionssuchas"Whatisbilingualeducation?
".Therefore,itisnecessarytomakesenseofthedefinitions.
2.1BilingualismandBilingual
Bilingualismisacommonphenomenoninalmosteverycorneroftheworldinmoderntimes.AccordingtoLongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeaching&AppliedLinguistics(Richards&John,2000,p.183),bilingualismwasdefinedastheuseofatleasttwolanguageseitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.Andbilingualreferstoapersonwhoknowsandusestwolanguages.InOxfordAdvancedLearnerDictionaryofCurrentEnglishwithChineseTranslation(7thEdition),bilingualismreferstothephenomenonofcompetenceandcommunicationintwolanguages.Thepersonwhocanspeaktwolanguagesiscalledbilingual.
Thewordbilingualthatpeopleusuallyusemeansapersonwhospeaks,reads,orunderstandstwolanguagesequallywell(abalancedbilingual),butabilingualpersonusuallyhasabetterknowledgeofonelanguagethantheother,he\shedoesnothavetospeakbothlanguageswithequalfluency.Sobilingualissimplydefinedasapersonusingtwolanguagesonaregularbasis(Larn,2002,p.193).
2.2BilingualEducation
TomostoftheChinesepeople,bilingualeducationisstillanewphenomenon,althoughlotsofschoolsandkindergartensclaimabilingualeducationtothemselves,itsdefinitionandmodelstillremainsunclear.Bakerclaimedthatthemeaningofthetermbilingualeducationwhichhasbeenusedisambiguous,andbilingualeducationislikeasimplelabelforacomplexphenomenon.
Therearealreadysomewell-knowndefinitionsofbilingualeducation.AccordingtoDerekRowntree,educationalistinUK,bilingualeducationistheeducationthataimstocultivatethestudents'abilitytousetwolanguagesequally(Rowntree,1976,p.34).Eachlanguagetakesuphalftheamountofinstructionallanguage.InLongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeaching&AppliedLinguistics,bilingualeducation,Richards,J.C.&Platt,Johnstatedthatbilingualeducationistheemployingofasecond(foreign)languageatschoolforsubjectteaching(Richards&John,2000,p.79).Skutnabb-Kangas,theworld'sfamousexpertofbilingualeducation,haspointedoutthatbilingualeducationistheeducationsystemwithtwolanguagesasitsinstructionallanguage,oneofthemisusuallythelearners'firstlanguage,butnotutterlyis(Kangas,1988,p.52).
AtpresentinChina,bilingualeducation,whichalsocalledbilingualinstruction,referstoakindofinstructionalmodelthataforeignlanguagebesidesChineseisusedasaninstructionmediuminclassestoteachnonlinguisticsubjectsandfinallytofulfillthepurposeofbothmasteringthesubjectknowledgeandenhancingthelanguageproficiency.Recently,theforeignlanguagemainlyreferstoEnglish.Inbrief,bilingualeducationinChinanowadaysmeansteachingsubjectsinEnglishoralongwithChinese,usingEnglishorChinesetextbooks.TheessenceofChina'sbilingualeducationcoincideswiththatofthecontent-basedlanguageinstruction,theheartofcontent-basedinstructionisthestudyofasubjectmattercore,theuseofauthenticlanguage,texts,andassignments,withadaptationsofmaterialsandteachingapproachesandstrategiestomeettheneedsofESL(EnglishasaSecondLanguage)students.
2.3BilingualEducationModels
Foreignlinguistshavedevelopedmaturemodelsandtheoriesinthefieldofbilingualeducationanditisworthwhiletohaveagoodunderstandingofthecommonlyreferredmodelsofbilingualeducationfirst.
Bilingualeducationcanbeclassifiedintodifferentmodelsbydifferentpeoplebasedondistinctivecriteria.
AccordingtoLongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeaching&AppliedLinguistics(Richards&John,2000,pp.11-13),bilingualeducationprogramsmaybeofdifferenttypes.
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