英文版美国煤矿粉尘标准.docx
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英文版美国煤矿粉尘标准.docx
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英文版美国煤矿粉尘标准
SummariesofUSAcoalmineoccupationalsafetyandhealth
1.SomedataaboutCWP(coal worker'spneumoconiosis)
TableswhichshowstherateandnumberofminerswithCWPfrom1970-2009
(1)TenureinfluentthepossibilityofCWP
Tenure(yearsinundergroundmining)
TimePeriod
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
2005-2009*
TotalNo.ofMinersExamined
85,644
58,864
35,787
12,816
11,727
9,100
13,794
11,211
TotalNo.withCWP
13,288
2,887
1,083
460
424
233
570
455
Total%withCWP
15.5
4.9
3
3.6
3.6
2.6
4.1
4.1
0-9
No.ofMinersExamined
36,303
43,296
23,190
5,063
1,638
806
4,261
4,281
No.withCWP
803
475
186
44
20
7
47
27
%withCWP
2.21
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.2
0.9
1.1
0.6
10-14
No.ofMinersExamined
6,464
5,460
7,050
4,345
2,968
642
562
311
No.withCWP
586
328
166
111
68
7
10
**
%withCWP
9.1
6
2.4
2.6
2.3
1.1
1.8
1
15-19
No.ofMinersExamined
6,210
2,705
2,253
2,071
4,037
1,778
1,156
235
No.withCWP
910
298
139
118
125
34
37
5
%withCWP
14.7
11
6.2
5.7
3.1
1.9
3.2
2.1
20-24
No.ofMinersExamined
8,769
2,044
993
683
2,178
3,475
3,100
958
No.withCWP
1877
380
102
63
115
86
152
47
%withCWP
21.4
18.6
10.3
9.2
5.3
2.5
4.9
4.9
25+
No.ofMinersExamined
27,898
5,359
2,301
654
906
2,399
4,715
5,426
No.withCWP
9,112
1,406
490
124
96
99
324
376
%withCWP
32.7
26.2
21.3
19
10.6
4.1
6.9
6.9
(2)Numberand%ofminerswithCWPindifferentperiod
Year
TotalNo.ofMinersExamined
TotalNo.withCWP
Total%withCWP
Source:
CWXSP—CoalWorkers'X-raySurveillanceProgram—Ref.
1970
7,085
2,162
30.5
1971
30,703
5,154
16.8
1972
6,916
717
10.4
1973
8,001
961
12.0
1974
32,939
4,294
13.0
1970-1974
85,644
13,288
15.5
1975
8,779
482
5.5
1976
7,581
174
2.3
1977
7,870
194
2.5
1978
10,235
386
3.8
1979
24,399
1,651
6.8
1975-1979
58,864
2,887
4.9
1980
7,532
303
4.0
1981
9,201
234
2.5
1982
4,536
80
1.8
1983
4,833
133
2.8
1984
9,685
333
3.4
1980-1984
35,787
1,083
3.0
1985
3,056
69
2.3
1986
848
30
3.5
1987
2,867
92
3.2
1988
3,589
168
4.7
1989
2,456
101
4.1
1985-1989
12,816
460
3.6
1990
891
61
6.8
1991
1,036
38
3.7
1992
3,578
140
3.9
1993
3,640
95
2.6
1994
2,582
90
3.5
1990-1994
11,727
424
3.6
1995
1,920
57
3.0
1996
607
27
4.4
1997
1,625
32
2.0
1998
883
31
3.5
1999
4,065
86
2.1
1995-1999
9,100
233
2.6
2000
6,264
242
3.9
2001
2,618
104
4.0
2002
1,723
109
6.3
2003
1,423
69
4.8
2004
1,766
46
2.6
2000-2004
13,794
570
4.1
2005
706
37
5.2
2006
2,877
167
5.8
2007
2,923
82
2.8
2008
3,457
111
3.2
2009
1,248
58
4.6
2005-2009
11,211
455
4.1
(3)Factorsmayinfluencethelungfunction
FigureIII-2—Schematicdiagramofchangeindistributionofrespirablecoalminedustconcentrations(RCMD)atanindividualworkLocationasprojectedbyQRAfortheproposedrule.Verticallinerepresentsthefinalrespirablecoalminedustconcentrationstandard
FigureIII-3—Schematicdiagramofprojectedchangeindistributionofrespirablecoalminedust(RCMD)(呼吸性粉尘)concentrationsaccordingtothecommentersapproach.Verticallinerepresentsfinalrespirablecoalminedustconcentrationstandard
2.Standardofcoalminedust
a.SurfaceCoalMinesandFacilities(设备)
Thefollowingtablepresentsasummaryofthe2008-2009samplingdataforsurfacecoalminesandfacilitiesbyselectedoccupations.Ofthemorethan4,500samplestakenbyMSHAinspectorsatsurfacecoaloperationsandfacilitiesduring2008and2009approximately(近似的)5%exceeded(超过)thestandardandtheaveragedeviation(偏差)was0.69mg/m3belowthestandard.Themean(平均值)andmedian(中位数)ofthesampleswere0.47mg/m3and0.26mg/m3,respectively.MSHAbelievesthatthesedataoverstate(夸张)theexposuresatsurfacecoaloperationsandfacilitiesbecause,ratherthanconducting(引导)random(随机的)sampling,MSHAinspectorstendtosampleoperationswheretheybelieverespirablecoalminedustlevelsarehigh.Basedonthesedata,MSHAconcludesthatmostoperationsatsurfaceminesandfacilitiescanmeetthe1.5mg/m3standardwithoutsignificantchangesoneachshift.
Occupation
Numberofsamples
Meanmg/m3
Medianmg/m3
Pct.>standard*
Avg.deviation
平均偏差mg/m3
*1.5mg/m3orareducedstandardbelow1.5mg/m3.
BulldozerOperator
推土机司机
1,118
0.28
0.16
1
-0.50
CleaningPlantOperator
175
0.75
0.59
13
-0.75
CleanupMan
108
0.55
0.44
2
-0.95
CrusherAttendant
104
0.62
0.35
12
-0.71
FineCoalPlantOperator
177
0.84
0.71
14
-0.66
HighliftOperator/FrontEndLoader
160
0.28
0.12
1
-1.08
HighwallDriller
797
0.43
0.24
4
-0.44
Laborer/Blacksmith
179
0.52
0.34
8
-0.90
Mechanic
194
0.49
0.37
4
-1.00
Other**
799
0.47
0.28
5
-0.83
RefuseTruckDriver/BackfillTruckDriver
162
0.30
0.24
0
-1.13
UtilityMan
386
0.71
0.44
12
-0.76
Welder(NonShop)
188
0.69
0.24
10
-0.81
Total
4,547
0.47
0.26
5
-0.69
Thehighestmeanandmedianexposuresandthegreatestpercentageofsamplesexceedingthestandardwereforthecleaningplantandfinecoalplantoperators.AsMSHAstatedinthePREA,workersinsurfacefacilitiescanbeprotectedbyenclosingthedust-generatingprocesses,placingtheoperatorinanenvironmentallycontrolledbooth,usingdustcollectorstolimittheamountofdustthatbecomesairborne,ensuringthattheequipmentisbeingmaintainedandfunctioningproperly,andfollowinggoodworkpractices.
b.Intake(吸入)AiratUndergroundCoalMines
Thefollowingtablepresentsasummaryofthe2008-2009inspectorintakeairsamplesatundergroundcoalmines.Ofthemorethan8,200samplestakenbyMSHAinspectorsinundergroundcoaloperationsduring2008and2009,lessthan6%exceeded0.5mg/m3andtheaveragedeviationwas0.33mg/m3belowthe0.5mg/m3standard.Themeanandmedianofthesampleswere0.17mg/m3and0.11mg/m3,respectively.Basedonthesedata,MSHAconcludesthatmostintakeaircanmeetthe0.5mg/m3standardwithoutsignificantchangesoneachshift.
AccordingtoNIOSH'sBestPractices,maintainingthisconcentrationisnotusuallydifficult,butitrequiresattentionfrommineoperatorstoaddressactivitiesthatcanraiseintakeairdustlevels.Typically,highlevelsofintakeairdustaresporadicandbriefinnatureduetoactivitiesintheintakeairentriesthatmaytakeplaceoverthecourseofaworkingshift.Thesesporadicactivitiesincludedeliveryofsuppliesand/orpersonnel,parkingequipmentintheintake,rockdusting,scoopactivity,andconstructionactivity.(NIOSHIC9517,2010,p.61.)
Location
Numberofsamples
Meanmg/m3
Medianmg/m3
Pct.>0.5mg/m3
Avg.deviationmg/m3
Source:
TabulationofMSHAMSISData.
NotBeltAir
7,655
0.15
0.10
3.5
−0.35
BeltAir
613
0.43
0.35
28.1
−0.07
Total
8,268
0.17
0.11
5.3
−0.33
Thehighestmeanandmedianexposuresandthegreatestpercentageofintakeairsamplesexceeding0.5mg/m3weretakeninbeltentries.Theaveragedeviationforthebeltairsampleswaslessthan0.1mg/m3belowthe0.5mg/m3standard.Onecommenterspecificallysupportedrespirabledustcontrolandreductionindustlevelsforintakeairbecauseintakeairgoesstraighttotheface.
AccordingtoNIOSH'sBestPractices,whenbeltairisusedforfaceventilation,dustgeneratedinthebeltareashouldbecontrolled.Dustcontrolsatthebeltheadhelpedmaintainlowdustlevelsinthebeltentry.Automatedwatersprayswereusedtosuppressdustatthesection-to-mainbelttransferpoint.Abeltscraperequippedwithwatersprayscontrolleddustbycleaningtheoutsidesurfaceofthebeltafterthecoalhadbeentransferredtothemainbelt.(NIOSHIC9517,2010,p.61.)
Inaddition,becausethepotentialfordustfromthebeltentrytocontaminatethefaceareahasincreasedinrecentyearsduetotheincreasedquantityofcoalbeingtransportedbythebelt,NIOSHstatesthatthefollowingpracticescanhelpcontrolrespirabledustlevelsinthebeltentry:
Beltmaintenance,wettingthecoalproductduringtransport,beltcleaningbyscrapingandwashing,useofarotarybrushthatcleanstheconveyingsideofthebelt,andwettingdrybelts.(NIOSHIC9517,2010,pp.18-19.)
c.Non-LongwallUndergroundMiningOperations
Thefollowingtablepresentsasummaryoftheadjusted2008-2009samplingdatafornon-longwalloperationsinundergroundcoalminesbyselectedoccupations.Ofthenearly38,000samplestakenbyMSHAinspectorsatnon-longwalloperationsinundergroundcoalminesduring2008and2009,afteradjustment,approximately9%exceededthestandardandtheaveragedeviationwas0.68mg/m3belowthestandard.Themeanandmedianofthesampleswere0.75mg/m3and0.59mg/m3,respectively,approximatelyhalfofthe1.5mg/m3standard.
Occupation
NumberofSamples
Meanmg/m3
Medianmg/m3
Pct.>Standard*
Avg.deviationmg/m3
*1.5mg/m3orareducedstandardbelow1.5mg/m3.
CoalDrillOperator
194
0.75
0.61
8
−0.73
ContinuousMiningMachineHelper
656
0.79
0.64
8
−0.63
ContinuousMiningMachineOperator
7,595
0.99
0.81
17
−0.44
CuttingMachineOperator
185
1.14
0.91
25
−0.35
Electrician
949
0.40
0.31
2
−0.98
Laborer
257
0.40
0.30
5
−1.03
LoadingMachineOperator
284
0.36
0.30
0
−1.12
Mechanic
406
0.56
0.45
4
−0.86
MobileBridgeOperator
1,283
0.80
0.67
9
−0.69
Other**
407
0.59
0.41
6
−0.82
RoofBoltingMachineOperator
8,651
0.74
0.60
8
−0.70
ScoopCarOperator
3,574
0.69
0.53
8
−0.74
SectionForeman
385
0.64
0.50
7
−0.78
Shut
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