如何撰写英文版硕士论文.docx
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如何撰写英文版硕士论文.docx
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如何撰写英文版硕士论文
HowtoWriteYourThesis
compiledbyKimKastens,StephaniePfirman,MartinStute,BillHahn,DallasAbbott,andChrisScholz
I.ThesisstructureII.CrosscuttingIssuesIII.EditingYourThesis
TitlePage
WhatWeAreLooking
For
Abstract
PlanningAheadfor
YourThesis
TableofContents
Writingforan
Audience
ListofFigures
Skimmingvs.Reading
ListofTables
OrderofWriting
Introduction
FiguresandTables
Methods
TyingtheTexttothe
Data
Results
GivingCredit
Discussion
FinalThesis
Conclusions
Resources
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Appendices
CopyEditing
ContentEditing
AvoidingAmbiguity
ThesisLength
WritingforanInternationalAudience
I.Thesisstructure
TitlePage
Title(includingsubtitle),author,institution,department,dateofdelivery,researchmentor,mentor'sinstitution
Abstract
Agoodabstractexplainsinonelinewhythepaperisimportant.Itthengoesontogiveasummaryofyourmajorresults,preferablycouchedinnumberswitherrorlimits.Thefinalsentencesexplainthemajorimplicationsofyourwork.Agoodabstractisconcise,readable,andquantitative.
Lengthshouldbe~1-2paragraphs,approx.400words.
Informationintitleshouldnotberepeated.
Beexplicit.
Usenumberswhereappropriate.
Answerstothesequestionsshouldbefoundintheabstract:
1.Whatdidyoudo?
2.Whydidyoudoit?
Whatquestionwereyoutryingtoanswer?
3.Howdidyoudoit?
Statemethods.
4.Whatdidyoulearn?
Statemajorresults.
5.Whydoesitmatter?
Pointoutatleastonesignificantimplication.
TableofContents
listallheadingsandsubheadingswithpagenumbersindentsubheadings
itwilllooksomethinglikethis:
Introduction
Youcan'twriteagoodintroductionuntilyouknowwhatthebodyofthepapersays.Considerwritingtheintroductorysection(s)afteryouhavecompletedtherestofthepaper,ratherthanbefore.
Besuretoincludeahookatthebeginningoftheintroduction.Thisisastatementofsomethingsufficientlyinterestingtomotivateyourreadertoreadtherestofthepaper,itisanimportant/interestingscientificproblemthatyourpapereithersolvesoraddresses.Youshoulddrawthereaderinandmakethemwanttoreadtherestofthepaper.
Thenextparagraphsintheintroductionshouldcitepreviousresearchinthisarea.Itshouldcitethosewhohadtheideaorideasfirst,andshouldalsocitethosewhohavedonethemostrecentandrelevantwork.Youshouldthengoontoexplainwhymoreworkwasnecessary(yourwork,ofcourse.)
Whatelsebelongsintheintroductorysection(s)ofyourpaper?
1.Astatementofthegoalofthepaper:
whythestudywasundertaken,orwhythepaperwaswritten.Donotrepeattheabstract.
2.Sufficientbackgroundinformationtoallowthereadertounderstandthecontextandsignificanceofthequestionyouaretryingtoaddress.
3.Properacknowledgementofthepreviousworkonwhichyouarebuilding.Sufficientreferencessuchthatareadercould,bygoingtothelibrary,achieveasophisticatedunderstandingofthecontextandsignificanceofthequestion.
4.Explainthescopeofyourwork,whatwillandwillnotbeincluded.
5.Averbal"roadmap"orverbal"tableofcontents"guidingthereadertowhatliesahead.
6.Isitobviouswhereintroductorymaterial("oldstuff")endsandyourcontribution("newstuff")begins?
Rememberthatthisisnotareviewpaper.Wearelookingfororiginalworkandinterpretation/analysisbyyou.Breakuptheintroductionsectionintologicalsegmentsbyusingsubheads.
Methods
Whatbelongsinthe"methods"sectionofascientificpaper?
1.Informationtoallowthereadertoassessthebelievabilityofyourresults.
2.Informationneededbyanotherresearchertoreplicateyourexperiment.
3.Descriptionofyourmaterials,procedure,theory.
4.Calculations,technique,procedure,equipment,andcalibrationplots.
5.Limitations,assumptions,andrangeofvalidity.
Themethodssectionshouldansweringthefollowingquestionsandcaveats:
1.Couldoneaccuratelyreplicatethestudy(forexample,alloftheoptionalandadjustableparametersonanysensorsorinstrumentsthatwereusedtoacquirethedata)?
2.Couldanotherresearcheraccuratelyfindandreoccupythesamplingstationsortracklines?
3.Isthereenoughinformationprovidedaboutanyinstrumentsusedsothatafunctionallyequivalentinstrumentcouldbeusedtorepeattheexperiment?
4.Ifthedataisinthepublicdomain,couldanotherresearcherlayhisorherhands
ontheidenticaldataset?
5.Couldonereplicateanylaboratoryanalysesthatwereused?
6.Couldonereplicateanystatisticalanalyses?
7.Couldanotherresearcherapproximatelyreplicatethekeyalgorithmsofanycomputersoftware?
Citationsinthissectionshouldbelimitedtodatasourcesandreferencesofwheretofind
morecompletedescriptionsofprocedures.
Donotincludedescriptionsofresults.
Results
Theresultsareactualstatementsofobservations,includingstatistics,tablesandgraphs.
Indicateinformationonrangeofvariation.
Mentionnegativeresultsaswellaspositive.Donotinterpretresults-savethatforthediscussion.
Layoutthecaseasforajury.Presentsufficientdetailssothatotherscandrawtheirowninferencesandconstructtheirownexplanations.
UseS.I.units(m,s,kg,W,etc.)throughoutthethesis.
Breakupyourresultsintologicalsegmentsbyusingsubheads
Note:
Resultsvs.DiscussionSections
Quarantineyourobservationsfromyourinterpretations.Thewritermustmakeitcrystalcleartothereaderwhichstatementsareobservationandwhichareinterpretation.Inmostcircumstances,thisisbestaccomplishedbyphysicallyseparatingstatementsaboutnewobservationsfromstatementsaboutthemeaningorsignificanceofthoseobservations.Alternatively,thisgoalcanbeaccomplishedbycarefuluseofphrasessuchas"Iinfer..."vastbodiesofgeologicalliteraturebecameobsoletewiththeadventofplatetectonics;thepapersthatsurvivedarethoseinwhichobservationswerepresentedinstand-alonefashion,un-muddiedbywhateverideastheauthormighthavehadabouttheprocessesthatcausedtheobservedphenomena.
Howdoyoudothis?
1.Physicalseparationintodifferentsectionsorparagraphs.
2.Don'toverlayinterpretationontopofdatainfigures.
3.Carefuluseofphrasessuchas"Weinferthat".
4.Don'tworryif"results"seemshort.
Why?
1.Easierforyourreadertoabsorb,frequentshiftsofmentalmodenotrequired.
2.Ensuresthatyourworkwillendureinspiteofshiftingparadigms.
Discussion
Startwithafewsentencesthatsummarizethemostimportantresults.Thediscussionsectionshouldbeabriefessayinitself,answeringthefollowingquestionsandcaveats:
1.Whatarethemajorpatternsintheobservations?
(Refertospatialandtemporalvariations.)
2.Whataretherelationships,trendsandgeneralizationsamongtheresults?
3.Whataretheexceptionstothesepatternsorgeneralizations?
4.Whatarethelikelycauses(mechanisms)underlyingthesepatternsresultingpredictions?
5.Isthereagreementordisagreementwithpreviouswork?
6.Interpretresultsintermsofbackgroundlaidoutintheintroduction-whatistherelationshipofthepresentresultstotheoriginalquestion?
7.Whatistheimplicationofthepresentresultsforotherunansweredquestionsinearthsciences?
8.Multiplehypotheses:
Thereareusuallyseveralpossibleexplanationsforresults.Becarefultoconsideralloftheseratherthansimplypushingyourfavoriteone.Ifyoucaneliminateallbutone,thatisgreat,butoftenthatisnotpossiblewiththedatainhand.Inthatcaseyoushouldgiveeventreatmenttotheremainingpossibilities,andtrytoindicatewaysinwhichfutureworkmayleadtotheirdiscrimination.
9.Avoidbandwagons:
Aspecialcaseoftheabove.Avoidjumpingacurrentlyfashionablepointofviewunlessyourresultsreallydostronglysupportthem.
10.Whatarethethingswenowknoworunderstandthatwedidn'tknoworunderstandbeforethepresentwork?
11.Includetheevidenceorlineofreasoningsupportingeachinterpretation.
12.Whatisthesignificanceofthepresentresults:
whyshouldwecare?
Thissectionshouldberichinreferencestosimilarworkandbackgroundneededtointerpretresults.However,interpretation/discussionsection(s)areoftentoolongandverbose.Istherematerialthatdoesnotcontributetooneoftheelementslistedabove?
Ifso,thismaybematerialthatyouwillwanttoconsiderdeletingormoving.Breakupthesectionintologicalsegmentsbyusingsubheads.
Conclusions
Whatisthestrongestandmostimportantstatementthatyoucanmakefromyourobservations?
Ifyoumetthereaderatameetingsixmonthsfromnow,whatdoyouwantthemtorememberaboutyourpaper?
Referbacktoproblemposed,anddescribetheconclusionsthatyoureachedfromcarryingoutthisinvestigation,summarizenewobservations,newinterpretations,andnewinsightsthathaveresultedfromthepresentwork.Includethebroaderimplicationsofyourresults.
Donotrepeatwordforwordtheabstract,introductionordiscussion.
Recommendations
Remedialactiontosolvetheproblem.
Furtherresearchtofillingapsinourunderstanding.
Directionsforfutureinvestigationsonthisorrelatedtopics.
Acknowledgments
Advisor(s)andanyonewhohelpedyou:
1.technically(includingmaterials,supplies)
2.intellectually(assistance,advice)
3.financially(forexample,departmentalsupport,travelgrants)
References
citeallideas,concepts,text,datathatarenoty
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