高级英语unit4zoologystudent version.docx
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高级英语unit4zoologystudent version.docx
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高级英语unit4zoologystudentversion
UnitFourZoology
1.Whatcanyoudo?
1.1Backgroundinformation
Terms
Definitions
Zoology
IceAge
Domestication
1.2WordExpansion
1.2.1Wordfamily
n.
v.
adj.
adv.
cautious
possess
acquire
presence
present
domestic
1.2.2Derivative
roots
Derivatives
port
form
cess
quire
2.Let’sread
TheDomesticationofAnimals
Thedomesticationofwildspeciesleddirectlytodenserhumanpopulationsbyyieldingmorefoodthanthehunter-gathererlifestylecouldprovide.Insocietiesthatpossesseddomesticanimals,livestockhelpedtofeedmorepeoplebyprovidingmeat,milkandfertilizer,andbypullingplows.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties’mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwildgame,andtheyalsofurnishedwool,leather,andlandtransport.Humanshavedomesticatedonlyafewspeciesoflargeanimals,with“large”definedasthoseweighingover100pounds(45kilograms).Fourteensuchspeciesweredomesticatedbeforethetwentiethcentury,allofthemterrestrialmammalsandherbivores.Thefivemostimportofthesearesheep,goats,pigs,horses,andcattleoroxen.
Smallanimalssuchasducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,andsilkwormshavealsobeendomesticated.Manyofthesesmallanimalsprovidedfood,clothing,orwarmth.However,noneofthempulledplowsorwagons,nonecarriedriders,andnoneexceptdogspulledsleds.Furthermore,nosmalldomesticanimalshavebeenasimportantforfoodashavelargedomesticanimals.
Earlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalllargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.Thereisarchaeologicalevidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsoffarming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.ThecontinentofEurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaldomestication.Havingthemostspeciesofwildmammalstobeginwith,andlosingthefewesttoextinctioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemostcandidatesfordomestication.
Domesticationinvolvestransformingwildanimalsintosomethingmoreusefultohumans.Trulydomesticatedanimalsdifferinmanywaysfromtheirwildancestors.Thesedifferencesresultfromtwoprocesses:
humanselectionofindividualanimalsthataremoreusefultohumansthanotherindividualsofthesamespecies,andevolutionaryresponsesofanimalstotheforcesofnaturalselectionoperatinginhumanenvironmentsratherthaninwildenvironments.
Tobedomesticated,awildspeciesmustpossessseveralcharacteristics.Acandidatefordomesticationmustbeprimarilyaherbivorebecauseittakeslessplantbiomasstofeedaplanteaterthanitdoestofeedacarnivorethatconsumesplanteaters.Nocarnivorousmammalhaseverbeendomesticatedforfoodsimplybecauseitwouldbetoocostly.Acandidatemustnotonlyweighanaverageofover100poundsbutalsogrowquickly.Thateliminatesgorillasandelephants,eventhoughtheyareherbivores.Moreover,candidatesfordomesticationmustbeabletobreedsuccessfullyincaptivity.
Sincealmostanysufficientlylargemammalspeciesiscapableofkillingahuman,certainqualitiesdisqualifyawildanimalfordomestication.Theanimalcannothaveadispositionthatisnasty,dangerous,orunpredictable–characteristicsthateliminatebears,Africanbuffaloes,andsomespeciesofwildhorses.Theanimalcannotbesonervousthatitpanicsaroundhumans.Largeherbivoresmammalspeciesreacttodangerfrompredatorsorhumansindifferentways.Somespeciesarenervous,fastandprogrammedforinstantflightwhentheyperceivedanger.Othersarelessnervous,seekprotectioninherds,anddonotrununtilnecessary.Mostspeciesofdeerandantelopeareoftheformertype,whilesheepandgoatsareofthelatter.
Almostalldomesticatedlargemammalsarespecieswhosewildancestorssharethreesocialcharacteristics:
livinginaherd,maintainingadominancehierarchyintheherd,andhavingherdsthatoccupyoverlappinghomerangesinsteadofmutuallyexclusiveterritories.Humanshavetakenadvantageofthesecharacteristicsinkeepingdomesticanimalstogetherwithothersoftheirspeciesandincloseproximitytootherspeciesofdomesticanimals.
2.1Exercises
1.Thewordfurnishedinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto
A.demandedB.invented
C.providedD.changed
2.Accordingtothepassage,whatbenefitoflargedomesticanimalsisnotalsoprovidedbysmallanimals?
A.AsourceoffoodB.Asourceofclothing
C.TheabilitytopullaplowD.Theabilitytoberidden
3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutlargemammalspecies?
A.Relativelyfewspecieshavethenecessarycharacteristicsfordomestication.
B.Morespeciesoflargemammalsaredomesticatedaspetsthanforfood.
C.Onlyafewlargeterrestrialmammalspeciesareprimarilyherbivores.
D.Alllargemammalscanbeclassifiedintooneoffiveimportantgroups.
4.Accordingtothepassage,whendidearlyhumansdomesticateallsuitablelargemammalspecies?
A.Afterhumanshadpopulatedeverycontinent
B.BeforetheIceAgecausedmanyanimalstobecomeextinct
C.Atthesametimetheydomesticatedsmallanimals
D.Withinafewthousandyearsafterfarmingandherdingbegan
5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonereasonthatdomesticatedanimalsdifferfromtheirwildancestors?
A.Wildanimalsfindfoodeasily,butdomesticatedanimalsmustworkforfood.
B.Domesticatedanimalslivenearhumans,sotheyforgettheirwildancestors.
C.Animals’evolutionaryresponsesincaptivitydifferfromthoseinthewild.
D.Moreanimalssurviveinhumanenvironmentsthaninwildenvironments.
6.Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph5?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Plantfoodislessexpensivethanmeat,whichexplainswhyplant-eatinganimalsareperfectcandidatesfordomestication.
B.Herbivorousanimalsarelikelytobedomesticatedbecausetheyeatlessplantmatterthanwhatcarnivoresconsumeindirectly.
C.Domesticatedanimalsareprimarilyplanteaters,butmustwildanimalsarecarnivoresthatfeedonotheranimals.
D.Itismoredifficultandcostlytodomesticatecarnivoresthantodomesticateherbivoresbecausecarnivoresaremoredangerous.
7.Whydoestheauthormentiongorillasandelephantsinparagraph5?
A.Tosuggestthatsomeoverlookedanimalscouldbedomesticated
B.Toillustratethewidevarietyamonglargeherbivores
C.Toidentifyanimalsintelligentenoughtoavoiddomestication
D.Togiveexamplesofanimalsthatgrowtooslowlyfordomestication
8.Theworddisqualifyinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto
A.identifyB.displayC.rejectD.punish
9.Thewordpanicsinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto
A.feelsterrorB.refusestoeat
C.attacksothersD.becomesill
10.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph6aboutdeerandantelope?
A.Theyrunawayfromhumansonlyifthreatened.
B.Theydonotsupplymeatofaconsistentquality.
C.Theyareasdangerousascertainwildhorses.
D.Theyhavenotsuccessfullybeendomesticated.
11.AllofthefollowingarecharacteristicsfavorabletodomesticationEXCEPT
A.weighingover100poundsB.unpredictablebehavior
C.abilitytobreedincaptivityD.livinginaherdwithahierarchy
12.Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andD,whichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherecouldthesentencebestfit?
Eurasiaisahuge,ecologicallydiverselandmass,andthereforehasagreatmanylargemammalspecies.
Earlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalllargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.AThereisarchaeologicalevidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsoffarming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.BThecontinentofEurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaldomestication.CHavingthemostspeciesofwildmammalstobeginwith,andlosingthefewesttoextinctioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemostcandidatesfordomestication.D
13.Readthefirstsentenceofasummaryofthepassage.CompletethesummarybyselectingTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Thedomesticationofanimalsprovidedhumanswithfood,clothing,andotherbenefits.
●
●
●
A.Themostimportantdomesticanimalsarelargeherbivorousmammalsthatliveinherds.
B.Ducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,andmanyothersmallanimalshavebeendomesticated.
C.Althoughherbivoreseatmainlyplantmatter,somespeciesoccasionallyeatsmallanimals.
D.Humansquicklydomesticatedalllargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.
E.Animalsmusthaveseveralessentialcharacteristicsinordertobedomesticatedsuccessfully.
F.Largeherbivorousmammalsrespondinvariouswayswhenthreatenedbypredators.
2.2Words&Expressions
words
v.
Definitions
domestication
n.
adaptationtointimateassociationwithhumanbeings驯化,驯养
species
n.
(biology)taxonomicgroupwhosememberscaninterbreed种类,类别
livestock
n.
anyanimalskeptforuseorprofit[总称]家畜;牲畜
fertilizer
n.
anysubstancesuchasmanureoramixtureofnitratesusedtomakesoilmorefertile肥料
protein
n.
essentialinthedietofanimalsforgrowthandforrepairoft
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