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外文翻译原文
ABehavior-BasedSafetyApproachforConstructionCompanies
EnvironmentalEngineeringofUniversityofCincinnati
Athesissubmittedtothe
DivisionofGraduateStudiesandResearch
oftheUniversityofCincinnati
Inpartialfulfillmentofthe
requirementforthedegreeof
MASTEROFSCIENCE
intheDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering
oftheCollegeOfEngineering
May13,2005
By
HarshadLotlikar
BachelorofScience,UniversityofPune,1998
ThesisAdvisorandCommitteeChair:
Dr.SamSalem
AbstractBackground:
In2010,thegrossoutputvalueofconstruction(turnover)isexpectedtoexceed900Hundredmillion,withanaverageannualgrowthrateof7%,theaddedvalueoftheconstructionindustrywillreach150Hundredmillionyuan,anaverageannualincreaseof8%,accountingfor7%ofGDP.Constructionsafetywithimportant.Http:
\/\/www.studa.Behavior-basedsafety(BBS)isoneofthepromisingmethodsusedintheconstructionindustrytoreducetheincidenceofaccidentsandinjuries.However,theconstructionindustryneedstoanapproachwhichcanaddressitssafetyissueswiththerequiredflexibility.
Keywords:
Behaviorbasedsafety,appliedbehavioranalysis,behaviormodification,
accidents/injuries
Acknowledgements
IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetotheDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringofUniversityofCincinnatifortheirsupporttomyresearch.IwouldliketothankmyadvisorDr.SamSalemforhisfirmandperceptivenavigationthroughouttheprojectandmycourseattheUniversityofCincinnati.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.AshGenaidyforhiscontinuousandpersistentguidance,moresoduringthepilotstudy.Dr.I.MinkarahhasprovidedhisinsightsandencouragementstothisresearchandIgreatlyappreciatehissupport.IamverygratefultoMr.MikeLotzfromDAGConstructionInc.forhisguidanceandfor
providinggenerousaccesstohisworksitewithoutwhichthepilotstudywasnotpossible.IwouldliketothanktheofficepersonneloftheDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,specificallyMs.DeenaGoodforherhelp.LastbutnottheleastIwouldliketoacknowledgetheunconditionalsupportandinspirationfrommyparents.HarshadLotlikar
Chapter1
Introduction:
TheConstructionindustryhasanunenviablesafetyrecord.Intheyear2002itrecordedanaverageof7.1non-fatalinjuriesper100workers(www.bls.gov).Itrecorded1121fatalitiesshowingafatalityrateof12.2per100,000workersemployedwhichwasthirdonlytominingandagriculture(www.bls.gov).TheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealthreportstheleadingcausesofdeathamongconstructionworkersarefallsfromelevations,motorvehiclecrashes,electrocution,machines,andbeingstruckbyfallingobjects.
Whilesafetyremainsaconcernforalotofcompanies,therearecompanieswhichareshowingexcellentimprovementinsafetyperformance.Thesearerecruitingexpertpersonneltoruntheirsafetyprograms;theyareprovidingtrainingtotheworkersandinfactarereportinggoodresults.
However,thisisaveryriskysituation.Thereisaveryhighchanceforcomplacencyinthesecompanies.Theinitialimpetusforsafetyhasnowreducedtoameretabonthewebsite–norecordsarebeingreported.Althoughseveralcompaniesregularlycarryoutsafetyauditsorhavemandatorymeetings,occupationalsafetynowseemstoberapidlygraduatingfrombeingahatetargettobeinganobjectofridicule.(McSween2003).Therefore,theConstructionindustryneedsradicalchangesinthewayitapproachessafetyimprovement.Itneedsanapproachwhichwillbeabletotargetbothendsofthequagmire.Itneedstolookattheapproachesusedbyotherindustriesandadaptsomeofthesuccessfulmethods,tailoringthemaccordingtoitsownneeds.Severalapproacheshavebeenimplementedintheindustry,eachhavingtheirownbenefitsandlimitations.Itwouldbedifficulttoclaimthatjustoneofthemwouldbebetterthanothers.Guastello(1993)carriedoutacomprehensivereviewofdifferentoccupationalaccidentpreventionprogramsandsummarizedtheevaluationdata.Heencounteredtentypesofprogramsinhisresearch:
1.Personnelselection
2.Technologicalintervention
3.Behaviormodification
4.Postercampaigns
5.Qualitycircles
6.Exerciseandstressmanagement
7.Near-missaccidentreporting
8.Finnishnationalprogram
9.InternationalSafetyRatingSystemand
10.Comprehensiveergonomicsprograms
AmongtheseapproachesGuastelloobservedthatbehaviorbasedsafety(BBS)showedthebesteffects(59.6%),followedbycomprehensiveergonomics(51.6%)whereasthewidelypopularnear-missreportingapproachshowedpooreffects(0%).ThesuccessofBBSinterventionsisnotsurprisingandcanbeexplainedwell.Althoughmostoftheseapproacheshaverecordedgoodsuccessrates,oneofthemostimportantcriteriawhichshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhilelookingforthebestapproachtoaddresssafetyissuesisthepsychologyofthehumanatwork.This“HumanFactor”isobviouslyacontributorineveryinjury.Henceabehavioralapproachbecomesespeciallyimportantintacklingsafetyissues.TheNationalSafetyCouncilreportsthathumanbehavioristhecauseof94%ofallinjuriesandillnesses(Loafman1996).Thishaspointedouttheimportanceoffocusingonemployeebehaviorasacriticalelementinachievingbettersafetystandards.BBSinterventionsfocusonwhatworkersdoonthejob(behavior),andonthecontingenciesofreinforcementthatleadtosafebehavior(Grindleetal.2000).Theaimistoreinforceworkerstobehavesafelyduringtheiractivities.
Behavior-BasedSafety:
Behavior-BasedSafety(BBS)isamethodologywhichaimsatimprovingsafetybyintegratingbehavioralscience,qualityandorganizationdevelopmentprincipleswithsafetymanagementinordertoreduceindustrialinjuries(Krause2002).Inotherwordsitfocusesonbehaviorofalltheemployeestoimprovetheentireprocess.ItusestheprinciplesofBehavioralScienceandtriestoapplythemtotheindustry.WhencombinedwithadministrativeandengineeringmeasuresBBShasbeenaveryeffectivetoolinachievingandmaintaininggoodsafetystandards.
OriginofBBS:
ThefoundationofbehavioralsciencewaslaidbyB.F.Skinnerinthe1940’sandwasadaptedtooccupationalsettingsbyDeminginthelate1960’s.However,thecurrentformofbehavior-basedsafetythatweseeisactuallyaresultofseveralseparatethreadsofresearch(Krause1997.Komaki(1978)carriedoutthefirstapplicationforbehavior-basedsafetywhensheusedabehavior-basedmodelforimprovingsafetyperformanceinoneofherstudent’sfamilybakery.Themethodseemedtoproduceresultsandtherewasmuchhopefromthisnewmethod.In1979
KrauseandHidleyappliedbehavior-basedmethodsinanoffshoreoil-drillingproject.Krause(2002)mentionsthatGeneEarnestandJimPalmerofProcterandGambleweredevelopingamethodologydrawnfrombehavioralscienceswhichtheytermed“behavior-basedsafety”.Theycouldbethefirsttoputforththeterm.Meanwhile,DanPeterson(1989)andFrankBird(1996)hadputforthsomebehavioralmodels.Besides,booksandotherliteraturefrompsychologistslikeScottGellerwhoconstantlyadvocatedBBStoowasresponsibleinthegrowingpopularityof
BBS.TherearetwomainfeatureswhichhavepromotedBBSoverotherapproaches:
1.Itfocusesonemployeebehaviorwhichisclaimedtobethemainsourceofinjuriesandillness
2.Itencouragesemployeeinvolvementinsafetyissuesassafetyisnotseensolelyasthemanagement’sresponsibility
WhatisBBS?
WhatisnotBBS?
However,asBBSgainedpopularitythereseemedtobemoreandmoreversionsofittoanextentwhereanythingremotelyrelatedtobehavioralsciencebeingdubbedasBBS.Thistriggeredawidespreadconfusionastowhatactuallyaccountstobehavior-basedsafety.ItmademattersworseforaninterestedacademictolearnwhatexactlyBBSmeantwhenwellknownauthorsprofessedtheirapproachastheonlycorrectone.FredAManuelerescuedthisresearcherfromthisplightin“Onthepracticeofsafety”(FredA.Manuele).TheconfusioncanbeaddressedbyseparatingthetwoschoolsofthoughtfromwheretheversionsofBBSoriginate.
ABCModel:
IfitisassumedthatBBSintheformwhichwasadvocatedbymostofitswell-knownadvocateslikeKrauseandGelleristhecorrectone,itcanbetermedasanapproachwhichbasesitselfontheABC(activator-behavior-consequence)model.ThelogicbehindtheABCmodelisthat“theantecedentconditions(activators)signalwhenbehaviorcanachieveapleasantconsequence(areward)oravoidanunpleasantconsequence(apenalty).Thereforeactivatorsdirectbehaviorandconsequencesdeterminewhetherthebehaviorwillrecur.”(Geller2001)TheABCmodelisby
farthemostpopularmodelforbehavior-basedsafety.Behavior-basedsafetyinitscurrentformusessomevariantsofthismodel.Inanutshell,ABCAnalysisinvolvesthefollowingprinciples:
(Krause1997)
•Bothantecedentsandconsequencesinfluencebehavior,
•Buttheydosoverydifferently
•Consequencesinfluencebehaviorpowerfullyanddirectlyand
•Antecedentsinfluencebehaviorindirectly,primarilyservingtopredictconsequences.
Values-Basedapproach:
Althoughnotverywell-knownthisapproachprofessedbyMcSweenetal.providesavitalelementinanycompanysetting–values.McSweendescribesvalueas“astatementorsetofrulesthatprescribethepersonalinteractionspreferredbyaculture(suchasthesetofbehaviorscalled‘goodmanners’).Valuesserveasgroundrulesforinterpersonalrelationshipswithinorganizations.”TheValue-basedapproachseekstoachieveanimprovementinsafetybehaviorbyimp
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