精品英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点.docx
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精品英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点.docx
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精品英美文学选读复习资料重点知识点
一、名词解释
1.Meter:
Meteristhemeasuredarrangementofwordsinthepoetry,therhythmicpatternofastanza,determinedbythekindandnumberoflines.It’sthebeatofthepoemandmeterisanorganizedwaytoarrangeunstressedandstressedsyllables.Thelengthoflinesisdescribedbythenumberofrepeatedmetersintheline.
1meter,2dimeter,3trimeter,4tetrameter,5pentameter,
6hexameter,7heptameter,8octameter
2.Stressedpattern:
ThemostcommonstressedpatterninEnglishistheiamb,whichconsistsof2syllablesandthe2ndoneofwhichisaccented.Anothercommonstressedpatternistrochee(also2syllables,butwiththe1staccented).
Iamb:
unstressed/stressed
Trochee:
stressed/unstressed
Anapest:
unstressed/unstressed/stressed
Dactyl:
stressed/unstressed/unstressed
•Alinewiththreeiambicfeetisknownasiambictrimester.
•Alinewithsixdactylicfeetisknownasdactylichexameter.
•Shakespeareisfamousforhisuseoftheiambicpentameter.
3.Rhyme:
Rhymeiswhentheendingsofthewordssoundthesame.
4.RhymeScheme:
RhymeSchemeisthepatternofrhymingwordattheendofeachline.
Notallpoetryhasrhymescheme.Poemsofmorethanonestanzaoftenrepeatthesamerhymeschemeineachstanza.
5.Alliteration
Alliterationistherepetitionofthesamesoundsorthesamekindsofsoundatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllables.Modernalliterationispredominantlyconsonantal.
6.Assonance:
谐音,类韵
Assonanceistherelativelyclosesuccessionofthesameorsimilarvowelsounds,butwithdifferentconsonantsandit’sakindofvowelrhyme.
7.Consonance:
尾韵
Consonanceistherelativelyclosesuccessionofthesameendconsonantswithdifferentvowelsoundsandit’sakindofconsonantrhyme.
8.Repetition:
Repetitionistherepeatingofasound,word,orphraseforemphasis.
10.Meaningdevices:
Dictionisthewriter’schoiceofwords.Thewordsthatawriterchoosestousemaycarrybothdenotativeandconnotativemeanings.Denotativeistheexplicitdefinitionaslistedinadictionary,whileconnotativeistheassociationorsetofassociationsthatawordusuallybringstomind.
11.Figurativelanguage:
Figurativelanguageisanylanguagethatgoesbeyondtheliteralmeaningofwordsinordertofurnishneweffectsorfreshinsightsintoanideaorasubject.Wheneveryoudescribesth.bycomparingitwithsth.else,you’reusingfigurativelanguage.
•Simile:
Asimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared,ofteninaphraseintroducesby“like”or“as”.
•Metaphor:
Ametaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichanimpliedcomparisonismadebetweentwounlikethingsthatactuallyhavesth.importantincommon.
•Symbol:
Symbolisanimagethatcomestostandforsth.(oftenanidea)beyonditself.
•Pun:
Apunoccurswhenawordisusedinsuchawayastohavemorethanonemeaningandinthisway.It’sakindofinstantmetaphor.
•Imagery:
Imageryisanappealtothesenses.Thepoetdescribessth.tohelpyousee,hear,smell,tasteortouchthetopicofthepoem.It’ssimilartodescriptivewritingonlyinpoetryform.
•Personification:
Personificationisafigureofspeech,whichgivesthequalitiesofapersontoananimal,anobjectoranidea.It’sacomparison,whichtheauthorusestoshowsth.inanentirelynewlight,tocommunicateacertainfeelingorattitudetowardsitandtocontrolthewayareaderperceivesit.
•Paradox:
Paradoxisastatementthatonthesurfaceseemstocontradictitselfanddoesn’tmakesense,butthatatanotherlevelexpressesatruth.
12.EnglishRomanticism
<1>.ItprevailedinEnglishduringtheperiodof1798—1832.ThepublicationofLyricalBalladsin1798markeditsbeginningandthedeathofWaterScottin1832markeditsending.
<2>.HighlightsofEnglishRomanticism
Imaginationisthesupremefacultyofthemind
IdealizationofNature:
thatNatureneverdidbetraytheheartthatlovedher
Individualism:
manisanindividualinasolitarystate;theexplorationandevaluationoftheinnerself.
13.Pointofview:
Pointofviewisthevantagepointfromwhichastoryistold.
<1>.TheFirstPersonPointofView:
Acharacterfromthestoryistellingthestory;usespronouns“he”,“she”,“they”.
Inthefirst-personpointofview,thenarratorisacharacterinthestory;knowsandcantellonlywhatheorshethinksandfeels;maybereliableandtrustworthyormaybeanunreliablenarrator.
<2>.TypesofThird-PersonPointofView:
Third-personlimited:
thenarratorknowsthethoughtsandfeelingsononlyONEcharacterinastory.
Third-personomniscient:
thenarratorknowsthethoughtsandfeelingofALLthecharactersinastory.
•Third-Person-LimitedPointofView:
InThird-person-limitedpointofview,thenarratorplaysnopartinthestory;heknowsandcantellwhatasinglecharacteristhinkingandfeeling.
•Omniscientpointofview:
Intheomniscientpointofview,theall-knowingnarratorplaysnopartinthestory;knowsandcantellwhatanycharacteristhinkingandfeeling;knowswhatishappeninginallofthestory’ssettings.
14.Setting
Settinggenerallyprovidesthetimeandplaceofastory;
Settingcanalsoincludethemoodofthetimeperiod,situationandevent;
Settingcanbethesocial,political,environmentaloremotionalclimate;
Settingcanalsoincludetheemotionalstateofacharacter.
15.Character
Thetermcharacterreferstoapersonorananimalinastory,playorotherliterarywork.Characterizationisthewayawriterrevealsthepersonalityofacharacter.
•Theprotagonististhemaincharacterinastoryandthestoryoftenrevolvesaroundthischaracter.
•Theantagonististheforcethatorcharacterwhoopposestheprotagonist.
•Minorcharactersarepresent,generallynamedandhavearolethatinsomewaywashighlightstheprotagonist.
16.Theme
Themeisthegeneralideaorinsightaboutlifethataworkofliteraturereveals.
Themeisamainideaorstrongmessagetiedtolife.
Themethreadsitselfthroughastory,chapterorscenetomakeapointaboutlife,societyorhumannature.
Themeistypicallyimpliedratherthanexplicit.Thereaderhastothinkaboutit.
Generally,there’sonemajorthemeinapieceofliterature.Additionalthemescanoftenbefoundinapieceofliterature.
17.Partsofaplot
Plotisthesequenceofeventsthathappeninastory.Plotprovidesastorywithstructure,likeamapofastory.
•Exposition:
introduction;Thisusuallyoccursatthebeginningofashortstory.Herethecharactersareintroduced.Wealsolearnaboutthesettingofthestory.Mostimportantly,weareintroducedtothemainconflict(problem).
•Risingaction:
eventsthatoccurasresultofcentralconflict
Thispartofthestorybeginstodeveloptheconflicts.Abuildingofinterestorsuspenseoccursandleadstotheclimax.Complicationarises.
•Climax:
highestpointofinterestorsuspenseofastory
Thisistheturningpointofthestory.Usuallythemaincharactercomesfacewithaconflict.Themaincharacterwillchangeinsomewayandthisisthemostintensemoment.
•Fallingaction:
tensioneases;eventsshowtheresultsofhowthemaincharacterbeginstoresolvetheconflict.
It’stheactionthatfollowstheclimaxandultimatelyleadstotheresolution.
•Resolution:
theconclusion;alllooseendsaretiedup;theconflictissolved
Eitherthecharacterdefeatstheproblem,learnstolivewiththeproblemortheproblemdefeatsthecharacter.
18.Conflict
Conflictisaproblemthatmustbesolved;it’sanissuebetweentheprotagonistandantagonistforces.Itformsthebasisoftheplotandconflictcanbeexternalorinternal.
Externalconflict:
existswhenacharacterstrugglesagainstsomeoutsideforcesuchasanothercharacter,group,society,nature,fateoranonhumanobstacle.
E.g.<1>.Manvs.Manistheconflictofonepersonagainstanotherperson.
<2>.Manvs.Natureistheconflictapersonencounterswiththeforcesofnature,andshowshowinsignificantonepersoncanbewhencomparedtothecosmicschemeofthings
<3>.Manvs.Societyistheconflictofaperson/peopleandtheviewsofsociety.Prejudice/Racismisagoodexample.
Internalconflictexitswithinthemindofacharacterwhoistornbetweendifferentcoursesofaction.E.g.Manvs.Himselfisinternalconflict.It’sthoseconflictsanindividualhaswithhisconscience.
19.SpecialTechniquesusedinaStory
<1>.Suspense:
excitement,tension,curiosity
<2>.Foreshadowing:
hintorclueaboutwhatwillhappeninstory
<3>.Flashback:
interruptsthenormalsequenceofeventstotellaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast
<4>.Symbolism:
useofspecificobjectsorimagestorepresentideas
<5>.Personification:
whenyoumakeathing,ideaoranimaldosomethingonlyhumansdo
<6>.SurpriseEnding:
conclusionthatreaderdoesnotexpect
二、文学作品节选
承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following
1.ARoseforEmily---WilliamFaulkner
ThenarrationshiftsintimefrequentlyandgivesoutbitsofinformationaboutthemaincharacterMissEmilyinsuchawaythatthereaderhastopiecethemtogetherbyhimself.
Para.1Ittellsuswhoisthemaincharacterandwhoistellingthestory.Theauthorchooses“we”,thepeopleofthetown,asthecollectivenarrator.“We”representsthegossipofthetown,theyareobserversoftheevents.Butthiscollectivenarratordoesnotknoweverything.Noneof“us”havebenninsideMissEmily’shouseuntilherdeath.
•Soinevitablytherearegapsinthenarrationthatareboundtocauseconfusiononthepartofthereadersorthelistenerofthestory.Thatleavesalotofroomforreaderparticipation.
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