欧洲文化入门名词解释.docx
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欧洲文化入门名词解释.docx
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欧洲文化入门名词解释
TheIntroductionofEuropeanCulture-EnglishTerms
DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture
1.Iliad(《伊利亚特》):
1)ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.2)ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.3)TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreek.4)Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.
2.Herodotus(希罗多德):
1)HeisoneofgreatancientGreekhistorians.2)Heisoftencalled“FatherofHistory.3)HewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.4)Hishistory,fullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.5)Hisobjectinwritingwas“thatthegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.”
3.Socrates:
1)HewasthephilosopherofancientGreeceinthe5thand4thcentury.2)HewasconsideredoneofthethreegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophy.3)Heholdthatphilosophytooktheaimtoreachtheconclusionofoneselfandvirtuewasknowledge.4)HisthoughtswererecordedinDialoguesbyPlato.5)Hedevisedthedialecticalmethod.
4.Dialecticalmethod(辩证法):
1)ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.2)Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.
5.Plato:
1)HewasthegreatestphilosopherofancientGreece,pupilofSocrates.2)HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialogueshewrote,27havesurvived,including:
theApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.3)Platobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy.4)Hisphilosophyiscalledidealism.
6.Diogenes(狄奥艮尼)(北京市2002年自考真题名词解释):
HewasoneoftheCynic’sleadersinancientGreece,whodecidedtolivelikeadog.2)Theword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek.3)Herejectedallconventions,advocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.
7.Stoics(斯多咯派):
1)ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.2)Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.3)Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.4)ThechiefStoicwasZeno.
8.DoricStyle(陶立克柱):
1)ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.2)Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.3)Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.4)TheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned.
9.PaxRomana(罗马和平)(北京市2001年自考真题名词解释):
1)Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.2)Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.3)Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy-thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.4)ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknowasPaxRomana.
10.Virgil(维吉尔):
1)HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.2)Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.3)Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofarceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.
DivisionTwoTheBibleandChristianity
1.TheBible:
1)TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:
theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrineofJesusChrist.
2.TheOldTestament:
1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:
theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.
3.TheNewTestament:
1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:
theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.
4.Pentateuch(摩西五经):
1)IntheOldTestament,theoldestandmostimportantarethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.2)Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:
Genesis(创世记),Exodus(出埃及记),Leviticus(利未记),Numbers(民数记),Deuteronomy(申命记).
5.Genesis:
1)GenesisisthefirstoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchinOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.
6.Exodus:
1)ExodusisthesecondoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchintheOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgyptLedbyMoses.3)DuringtheperiodtheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.
7.Noah’sArk(挪亚方舟):
1)FormanyhundredyearsafterAdamandEveweredrivenoutofEden,thefamilyofmanmultipliedandspreadovertheearth,buttheybecamemoreandmorecorrupt2)ThusGoddecidedtodestroyalllifeonearthinagreatflood.3)BecauseNoahalwayskepthisfaithinGod,GodspoketohimaboutHisintentionandtoldhimtobuildanarktoprotecthimandhiskinfromthewaters.4).NoahfollowedGod’sinstructions.5)For40daysitrained,thewholeearthwascoveredwithwater,thoseshelteredinthearkbeingtheonlysurvivals.
8.TheProphets(先知):
1)FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.2)Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.3)TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.(分为大小先知)
9.TheBookofDaniel(《但以理书》):
1)TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.2)ThebookappearedintheearlydaysofJews’revoltagainsttheSyrianKingAntiochusIV.3)Itisastorymixedwithvision,describinghowDanielandhisfriendsweretakenprisonertoBabylonafterthefallofJerusalemandhowtheyrefusedtocompromisetheirfaith.
10.TheEdictofMilan(米兰赦令):
1)RomanemperorConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattleforthethrone,soheissuedtheEdictofMilanin313.2)Itgrantedreligiousfreedomtoall,madeChristianitylegal.
11.ThefouraccountsintheNewTestament(四福音书):
1)ThefouraccountsarethefirstfourbooksintheNewTestament.2)TheywerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenbyMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesus’earlyfollowers.3)Theytellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.
12.KingJames’versionofBible(钦定版本圣经):
1)AsthemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBible,itisalsocalledthe“Authorized”version.2)Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames,andwaspublishedin1611.3)Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknowasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguage.
DivisionThreeTheMiddleAges
1.theMiddleages(中世纪)(北京市2002年自考真题名词解释):
1)InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfromthe5thcenturyto15thcenturyfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2)Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.3)DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.4)Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople’slives.ThatiswhytheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”.
2.Feudalism(封建主义):
1)FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.2)Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.
3.Fiefs(封地,采邑):
1)InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2)Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.
4.vassals(诸侯):
1)InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2)Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.3)Theownersofthefiefswcallvassals.
5.CodeofChivalry(骑士制度):
1)IntheMiddleAgesofwesternEurope,asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.2)Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.
6.dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式):
Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrailsandtournaments,therewasalwaysaspecialceremonytoawardhimwithatitle,knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.
7.TheManor(庄园):
1)Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.2)Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords.3)Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.
8.TheCatholicChurch(天主教):
1)Inthemedieval“ageoffaith”,almostallEuropeansbelongedtotheCatholicChurch.2)Theword“catholic”meant“universal”3)TheCatholicChurchwashighlycentralizedanddisciplinedinternationalorganizationandthePopewastheheadoftheChurch.HenotonlyruledRomeandpartsofItalyasaking,hewasalsotheheadofallChristianchurchesinwesternEurope.ThosewhoopposedthePopelosttheirmembershipandtheirpoliticalright.4)TheChurchevensetupachurchcourt-theInquisitiontostampoutso-calledheresy.5)LatinwastheacceptedofficiallanguageintheRomanCatholicChurch.6)ThisChurchhadgreatinfluenceonpeople’sdailylifeandthewesternthinking.
9.Monasticism(修道院制度):
1)HeedingthespiritualmessageofChristianity,between300and500A.D.,manymenwithdrewfromworldlycontactstodesertsand
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