语用学英语论文.docx
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语用学英语论文.docx
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语用学英语论文
语用学英语论文
TheCooperativePrincipleofPragmatics:
AnAnalysisoftheVerbalHumourintheSitcomHomewithKids
Sincethelanguagewasborn,theresearchofithasneverinterrupted.Humoristhespiceofourlives,leaveitthelifewillbeboring.PragmaticsisamainbranchofLinguistics,withthedevelopmentofpragmatictheory,linguistsandhobbyistsfrommanyanglesanalysisonverbalhumorandachievedfruitfulresults.Whilecooperativeprinciple,asoneofthemostimportantpragmaticprinciple,makesasystemicstudyaboutlanguageuseandlaysasolidfoundationforlaterdevelopmentofpragmatics.Theviolationofcooperativeprinciplecanoftengenerateconversationalimplicatureorachievecertaincommunicativeeffects.Onthebasisofprevioushumourandpragmatictheoryresearch,Iwillanalysisfromthepointofthecooperativeprincipleofthoseverbalhumourdialogueinthesitcom"HomewithKids",whichreflectsthedailylifeofarebuiltfamilyandattractsmanyChineseaudiencesbyitscreatingwriting,goodactingaswellasitswonderfultranscripts.
1.FourMaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple
In1975,thelanguagephilosopherH.P.Gricepublishedaseminalarticleentitled“TheCooperativePrinciple”whichcreatedquiteastirinthelinguisticworldandgeneratedalargenumberoflinguisticpublicationsthatarebuiltonGrice'spostulates.
AccordingtoGrice,inconversationalexchange,peopleusuallytrytoreachacommongoalbymutualeffortsoratleastmaketheconversationdevelopinthedirectionoftheirexpectation.Toachievethis,peopleneedtocooperatewitheachother.Grice'theoryofthecooperativeprincipleexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanwhatisliterallysaidandfoethehearertounderstand.
ThefourmaximsofCPareQuantityMaxim,QualityMaxim,MannerMaximandRelationMaxim.Themaximofquantityhastwosub-maxims
Xing:
You'dbetternotinterferewithmybusinessfromnowon!
(以后我的事情你少管.)
Mei:
Whatdidyousay?
Idon'tinterferewithyourbusiness?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenIbreast-fedyou?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenyouweresick?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenyoufelltotheground?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenyoucouldn'twalk?
Youdon'twantmetointerferewithyounow,becauseyouaregrownupandcandowhateveryouwant?
(你说什么呢?
再说一遍!
我少管?
你小时候喝奶的时候怎么不说?
小时候生病的时候怎么不说呀?
摔跟头时候怎么不说呀?
学会走路时候怎么不说?
这时候让我少管。
你翅膀硬了,自个会飞了?
)
Inthisepisode,themotherisveryangryaboutwhatLiuXingdidandsaid;sheissoangrythatshecan’thelptalkingexcessivelyaboutthematter,whichsoundshumorous.Thisobviouslyviolatesthesecondsub-maximofquantity:
Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
(2)Let'stakeanotherepisodeasanexample:
Daddidn'tgethomeontime,LiuMeiaskXiaoYutocallhiscellphone,aftermadethephonecall
Mei:
Whoansweredthephone?
(谁接的电话?
)
Yu:
Awoman.(一个女的。
)
Mei:
What?
Whatdidshesay?
(嗯?
说什么?
)
Yu:
Shesaid,"sorry,youdialtelephonetemporarilyunabletogetthrough."(“对不起,您拨打的电话暂时无法接通……”。
)
Inthisdialogue,XiaoYuintentionallydidnotsaythatitisthevoicepromptsbutawomantopickupthephone,shedidnotgiveenoughinformationatthebeginning,therefore,sheviolatedthelackingofinformationcriteriainordertocreateatenseatmosphere.
2.2FloutingtheQualityMaxim
Themaximofqualityrequiresthatone'sverbalcontributiontoaconversationshouldbetruthful.Thetheoryalsoclaimsthatyouviolatethequalitymaximwhenyoudeliberatelylieorcommunicateinawaythatdoesnotreflectanhonestintention.ThefollowingaretwoexamplesdrawnrespectivelyfromHomewithKidsandGrowingPainswhichcanexplainhowfloutingthemaximofqualityproduceshumor:
(1)(InEpisode101ofHomewithKids,thereorganizedfamilyjustlivetogether.XiaYuandhismotherLiuMeihavesuchadialogue.)
Yu:
Mum,myhandwasbittenbytheinsect.
(妈,我的手被虫子给咬啦.)
Mei:
Oh,what'sthematter?
Wasitbittenbymosquito?
Comeon,letmescratchforyou.
(呦,怎么回事儿啊,蚊子给咬的吧!
妈给挠挠啊.可怜了.)
Yu:
WhydoesthemosquitoonlybitemeinsteadofLiuXing?
Thisisn'tmyhome?
(为什么蚊子只咬我不咬刘星?
是不是这不是我的家啊?
)
Mei:
Nonsense!
Ofcoursethisisyourhome.Hereareyourdadandmum.DoyouknowwhythemosquitoesonlybiteyouinsteadofLiuXing?
(别胡说,这就是你的家啊。
你看爸爸妈妈不都在呢?
你知道为什么蚊子只咬你不咬刘星吗?
)
Yu:
Why?
Mei:
BecauseyourbloodissweetwhileLiuXing'sisstinking.
(因为你的血是甜的,刘星的血是臭的.)
Whenaspeakersayssomethingthatisfalseorforwhichhelacksadequateevidence,hefloutsthemaximofquality.Inthisconversation,itisobviousthatthemothertellsalietoXiaoYu.Asamotherandanadult,sheknowsthereasonwell.InordertohoaxXiaoYuandmakehimfeelgood,shedeliberatelysayssomethingwhichisobviouslyfalse.Inthisway,LiuMeidoesn'tobservethefirstsub-maximofquality:
Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Butitisjustherdeliberatefloutingofthemaximthatmakesherson(XiaoYu)feelbetterandatthesametimegeneratesahumorouseffect.
2.3FloutingtheMannerMaxim
"Avoidingobscurity"meanswhatyousaymustbeeasilyorclearlyunderstood."Avoidingambiguity"meansthereshouldbenoexistenceofmorethanonemeaninginwhatyousay."Beingbrief"and"beingorderly"meanwhatyousayshouldbeconciseandwellarranged.Themaximofmannerisfloutedbyspeakingredundantly,disorderlyorunclearly.Onthisoccasionthespeakerseemsveryuncooperative,butactuallyheintendstoproduceanimplicaturetobededucedbythehearer.Inverbalcommunication,peopleoftenmisunderstandtheambiguousexpressions,thusresultinginahumorouseffect.ThefollowingdialoguebetweenLiuMeiandhersonLiuXingisacaseinpoint.
Mei:
Whydoesn'tthegorillaevolve?
(猩猩为什麽不进化啊?
)
Xing:
Givemeareasonforitsevolution.(给我一个进化的理由。
)
Mei:
Whydoesn'tittalk?
(它为什麽不说话啊?
)
Xing:
Whatdoyouwantmetosay?
(您让我说什麽呀?
)
Mei:
Itliesinitsdefectinlistening.(在于听力的缺陷。
)
Xing:
Myearsarequitegood.(我耳朵挺好哒!
)
Mei:
Goaway.Don'tbotherme!
(去!
别在这儿捣乱。
)
Xing:
Aren'tyoutalkingaboutme?
(您不是说我呢吗?
)
Mei:
Iamtalkingaboutthegorilla.(我这儿说大猩猩呢。
)
Thepronunciationofgorilla(xingxing)inChineselanguageisthesamewithLiuXing'snickname.LiuMeiistalkingsomethingaboutthegorilla,butLiuXingmisunderstandsthemeaningofxingxing.Obviously,thismisunderstandingcomesfromthetwopossibilitiestointerpretthesoundxingxing("猩猩"and"星星").Theambiguoususeoftheword(sound),whichviolatesthemaximofmanner,isthereasonofhumorproductionhere.
2.4FloutingtheRelationMaxim
Themaximofrelationtellsustomakeourcontributionsrelevant.Thedemandforrelevancesimplymeansthatthespeakershouldonlyconveyinformationthatisrelevanttothetopicbeingcommunicated.Ifonepartywantstoavoidthetopicunderdiscussionandstartsanotherseeminglyrelevanttopic,hewillfloutthemaximofrelevance.Andthisseeminglyrelevantansweroftenmakesanotherpartyfeelfunny.Themaximofrelationisfloutedwhenaresponseiscompletelyirrelevanttothesubjectorthegoaloftheconversation.Lookatthefollowingexample:
(1)(AfterXiaDonghaicomesbackfromtheparents'meetingheldinLiuXing'sschool,hehasadialoguewithLiuMei.)
Mei:
AreyouOK?
Theremustbehugegapinyourmindnow.Doyouhavethethoughttofindawaytoescape?
(没受刺激吧,就你这种给小雪那种好学生开过家长会的你肯定心理有巨大的落差,想找个地缝转进去…)
DongHai:
Themeetingisquitewell.(开的还算比较圆满。
)
Mei:
WhatdidtheteachertellyouaboutLiuXing?
(老师都给刘星告什么状了?
)
(Thegrandmacoughs,indicatingXiaDonghainottotellthetruth)
DongHai:
Err,Itakesomemedicineforgrandma.(啊,我给姥姥去拿点药去。
)
Mei:
Quickly,whatdidtheteachertellyou?
(你快说啊,老师都说刘星什么了?
)
DongHai:
Well,hesaid…nothing.(他说啊,没什么。
)
Inthisepisode,aftertheparents'meeting,fromourbasicunderstandingaboutLiuXingandXiaDonghai'sfacialexpressions,weknowthatLiuXingmusthavedonesomethingwronginschool.IfXiaDonghaitoldthetruthtoLiuMei,shemustpunishherson.SoXiaDonghaiintendsnottotellhiswifethetruthandavoidsansweringherinquiry.Hisanswerisapparentlyirrelevanttohiswife'squestion.Inthislightatmosphere,hehascreatedhumorbyfloutingtherelevancemaxim.
(2)Let'slookatanotherdialogue.
Xin:
Didyouknow,todaytheteacherfoundagenius,that'sme.
(大家知道吗啊,今天老师发现一天才,这天才就是我。
)
Mei:
Ha-ha,thispeachisreallysweet.
(呵呵,这桃真甜。
)
Xin:
thereareseveralkindsofgenius,notjusttheonewhomakesthehighscore,dad,isthatright?
(这天才分好多种,不光是得高分的,对吧老爸?
)
DongHai:
ThispeachletmerememberedoftheginsengfruitintheJourneytotheWest.
(这桃子让人想起西游记里那人参果。
)
Xin:
Ah,you'dlistentome.TeacherlosthercarkeytodayandIfoundit.
(哎呀,你们倒是听我说啊。
今天老师车钥匙丢了,是我给找着的。
)
DongHai:
ItseemsthatShaSengalsolovetoeat.
(好像沙僧也爱吃。
)
Xin:
GuesswheredidIfindit?
Inthecar'slock.Sheforgottopullitdown.
(你们猜我从哪找出来的,从车锁上找着的。
忘了拔下来啦。
)
DongHai:
Actually,TangMonkisalsolovetoeat,heiscleveranddon'twanttosay.
(其实啊,唐僧也特爱吃,他就是贼,不爱说出来。
)
Xin:
Whileothersdidnotthinkofit,whichsuggestedthatIwasagenius,really,justalittletraining,Iwillbecomeadetectivescientist,justlikeSherlockHolmes.
(可是别人都没想到,就我想起来了,这说明我在这方面就是天才,真的,只要稍微培养一下,就是个侦探学家,就跟福尔摩斯似的……)
LiuXingwastalkingaboutwhathappenedintheschool,whilehisparentswerepaidtheirattentiontothepeach.Althoughinasamedialogue,theytalkabouttheirowntopicsandwithoutrelation.ItispreciselythiskindofirrelevantandtheignoranceofLiuXing'sboastcausesthehumorouseffectproduction.
3.Conclusion
AgreatnumberofsamplesselectedfromHomewithKidsareusedheretoillustratehowverbalhumorcanbeinterpretedfrompragmaticpointsofview.Basedontheanalysisanddis
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