英语学士学位自考书第三单元.docx
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英语学士学位自考书第三单元.docx
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英语学士学位自考书第三单元
UnitThreeGeography
TextATheGrandcanyon
TheGrandcanyoninArizonaisoneofthefargestandmostbeautifulofallcanyons.Itextendsfourhundredfiftykilometers.Thesurroundingareadoesnotmakeyoususpecttheexistenceofsuchagreatopeningintheearth.Youcomeuponthecanyonsuddenly,whenyoureachitsedge.Thenyouarelookingatalandlikenothingelseintheworld.Wallsofrockfallawaysharplyaryourfeet.Insomeplaces,thecanyonwallsaremorethanakilometerdeep.Farbelowisthedark,turninglineoftheColoradoRiver.Ontheotherside,sunshinelightsupthenakedrockwallsinred,orange,andgold.Thebrightcolorsaretheresultofmineralsintherocks.Theirappearancechangesendlesslywiththelight,thetimeofyear,andtheweather.Atsunset,whenthesunhasmovedacrossthesky,thecanyonwallsgiveuptheirfieryredsandgolds.Theytakeonquietercolorsofblue,purple,andgreen.
AfamousAmericanJohnMuirsaidin1898,”TheGrandCanyon…asunearthlyinthecolorandgrandeurandquantityofitsarchitectureasifyouhadfounditafterdeathonsomeotherstar.”
(一位著名的美国人约翰·繆尔曾在1898年说过:
“科罗拉多大峡谷…….它的色彩和构造的宏伟多样是世间所没有的,就像是人消亡以后在别的星球上发现的东西。
了解asif的用法)
LikeMuir,thoseofuswhostandalongtherimarepromptedtowonderablouttheunearthlinessandtheforcesthatcreatedandstillchangingthisplace.Aftermorethan100yearsofstudies,manythingsarestillobscure.Todayvisitorscomebythethousands-thegreatandsimpleoftheearth-allinaspiritofmarvel.TravelerscomefromeverystateoftheUnion,fromeverycountryinEuropeandAsia,pilgrimstoashrinethatisthesameasthecreed.
Fromthedepthsofthecanyoncomessilence.Seldomcanyouheartheroaroftheriver(峡谷深处寂静无声。
我们很少听见河水的咆哮声。
了解倒装句的使用).Youcannotcatchthepatter.Likeapplause,fromtheleavesofthecottonwoodsontheshelf-likeplateaubelowyou.Forallsoundsareswallowedinthisgulfofspace.“Itmakesonewanttomurmur.”awomanoncewhisperedtohercompanion.Thissilenceisnotthesilenceofdeath;rather,itisapresence.Itislikeagreatpieceofmusic.Butmusicmadeofmanworksuptoaclimaxandceases;theGrandCanyonisallclimax,achordechoingintoeternity.(人类创作的乐曲达到高潮后就会停止,而大峡谷高潮迭起,是永远回荡不止的和音。
了解独立主格的用法)
PerhapsthemosthalfwayspectacularfeatureoftheGrandCanyon,itsRedwalllimestonecliff,standsabouthalfwayupthechasmandispracticallyvertical.Itsaverageheightis550feet,almostexactlythatoftheWashingtonMonument.Thoughitisactuallygraybluelimestone,thesurfaceofthecliffhasbeenstainedtoasunsethuebyironsaltswashingoutoftherocks(虽然它实际上是灰蓝色的石灰石,但是从岩石渗出的铁盐却把悬崖表面染上了晚霞般的色彩).AbovetheRedwallcomealternatinglayersofredsandstoneandshale1000feetthick,thencomesthenextpale-bluelayer.Thetopmostlayersareayellowishlimestone,
Now,visitorstotheSouthRimalonemaynumber18000inasingleday.SomeofthatnumberwilltravelbymuletraindownBrightAngelTrailtothecanyon’sfloor,crosstheragingriverbyasuspensionbridgeandamounttotheNorthRim.
Thoughthetworimsfaceeachotheracrossonly12miles,itisajourneyof214milesbycarfromonetotheother.NorcanyouvisittheNorthRimexceptinsummer;some1200feethigherthantheSouthRim,itissnowthatcoveredmuchoftheyearexceptinJulyandAugust.ButthereisnodaythatyoumaynotvisittheSouthRimandfinethesunwarmonyourfaceandtheairperfumedwiththeincenseofsmokefromanIndianhearth.TheGrandcanyonisanunearthlysight.NowonderanAmericanwriterandjournalistsaid,“Icamehereanatheist,anddepartedadevoutbeliever.”(难怪一位美国作家兼记者说;“我来这里时还是个无神论者,离开时却是个虔诚的信徒了。
”)
Today,theGrandcanyonisknownasoneofthesevenwondersofthenaturalworld.Aboutfivemillionpeoplevisitthecanyoneachyear.Mostvisitorswalkalongpathspartwaydownintothecanyon.Ittakesseveralhourstowalktothebottom.Ittakestwotimesaslongtogetbackup.Somevisitorsridemulestothebottomandback.Themulesarestronganimalsthatlooklikehorses.Theyareknownfortheirabilitytowalkslowlyandsafelyonthepaths.VisitorscantraveldowntheColoradoRiverbyboatintheGrandcanyon.American’sNationalParkServiceisresponsibleforprotectingtheGrandcanyonfromtheeffectsofsomanyvisitors.AllwastematerialmustbecarriedoutoftheCanyon.Allrocks,historicalobjects,plants,andwildlifemustbeleftuntouched.AstheNationalParkServicetellsvisitors,“Takeonlyphotographs.Leaveonlyfootprints.”
ManywritershavetriedtodescribethewonderoftheGrandcanyon.Theyusewordslikemysterious,overpowering,orstrange.Yetwritersrecognizethatitisimpossibletoputhumanmeaninginsuchaplace.TheGrandcanyonexistsinitsownspaceandtime.SomevisitorssaytheyfeelsosmallwhenmeasuredagainsttheCanyon’sgreatsize.OnewriterwhohasspentalotoftimeintheGrandcanyonfindsitapeacefulplace.HesaysthealmostoverpoweringsilenceanddeepnessoftheGrandcanyonshakespeopleatleastbrieflyoutoftheirself-importance.Hesaysitmakesusrememberourplaceinthenaturalworld.
WordsandExpressions
Canyon峡谷
Unearthly超自然的;非尘世的;神秘的
Grandeur宏伟,壮观,富丽堂皇
Rim(圆形物体的)边,缘
Obscure不出名的;不重要的;费解的;模糊不清的
Marvel奇迹;令人惊奇的事物(或事例)惊奇,对…..感到惊奇
Pilgrim香客,朝圣者
Shrine圣地,圣坛,神圣场所
Creed(尤指宗教)信条,教条
Patter发出急而轻的拍声;嗒嗒地跑哒哒声,喋喋叫卖
Applause热烈鼓掌,喝彩
Plateau高原;平稳时期;稳定状态;停滞时期
Chord和弦;弦,和音
Eternity永恒来世
Spectacular壮观的,雄伟的,引人入胜的
Limestone石灰岩
Chasm裂缝裂口
Monument纪念碑;遗迹;遗址;名胜古迹
Hue色彩,色调
topmost最高的,绝顶的
yellowish微黄的,略带黄色的
suspension暂停,中止;悬架。
悬置机构;悬浮液
incense香香料香味
hearth壁炉前的地板;炉床;壁炉边
atheist无神论者,不信神者,无宗教信仰者
devout虔诚的;真诚的;诚恳的
mysterious神秘的,不可思议的
overpowering无法抵抗的,压倒性的
TextBSupplementaryReading
AnewNASA-fundedstudyfindsthatpredictedincreasesinprecipitationduetowarmerairtemperaturesfromgreenhousegasemissionsmayactuallyincreaseseaicevolumeintheAntarctic'sSouthernOcean.Thisaddsnewevidenceofpotentialasymmetrybetweenthetwopoles,andmaybeanindicationthatchangeprocessesmayhavedifferentimpactondifferentareasoftheglobe."MostpeoplehaveheardofclimatechangeandhowrisingairtemperaturesaremeltingglaciersandseaiceintheArctic,"saidDylanC.Powell,adoctoralcandidateattheUniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCounty.However,findingsfromoursimulationssuggestacounterintuitivephenomenon.SomeofthemeltintheArcticmaybeoffsetbyincreasesinseaicevolumeintheAmtarctic.
SomescientistswarnthaticeneartheEarth'sPolesmayindeedbemelting.This"polarmeltdown”maybethefirstsignthattheEarthisheatingup.Wecouldbeinveryserioustroubleifthistrendcontinues.Itisestimatedthatameltdownofaslittleas10percentofAntarctica'sicewouldraisesealevelsaroundtheglobeby4to9meters.Floodswouldcoverlow-lyingregionsandturncoastalcitieslikeNewYorkandNewOrleansintoreal-lifeunderwaterworld.Scientistsfirstpredictedinthe1970sthatheattrappedintheEarth'satmospherecouldcauseapolarmeltdown.
Manynowbelievethathumanactivitiesareturninguptheheat.Whenweburnfossilfuelslikecoalandoil,weaddcarbondioxide(CO2)gastotheEarth'satmosphere.CuttingdowntreesalsomakesCO2levelsrisebecausetreesnormallysoakupCO2tomakefood.ScientistssayhigherCO2levelsstrengthenthe"greenhouseeffect"andcouldincreasetheEarth'stemperature.Infact,CO2levelshaverisenby30percentsincetheIndustrialRevolutionofthe18thand19thcenturies.
Theresearchersusedsatelliteobservationsforthefirsttime,specificallyfromtheSpecialSensorMicrowave/Imager,toassesssnowdepthonseaice,andincludedthesatelliteobservationsintheirmodel.Asaresult,theyimprovedpredictionofprecipitationrates.Byincorporatingsatelliteobservationsintothisnewmethod,theresearchersachievedmorestableandrealisticprecipitationdatathanthetypicallyvariabledatafoundinthepolarregions.
Overthepastthreeyears,satellitemeasurementshaveshownasealevelriseofaboutaquarterinchworldwide.”Ifnothingisdonetoreducefossal-fuelpollutionandglobalwarming,sealevelswillriseenenmore;”saysgeologistRichardAlley.ButevenAlleyadmitsthatapolarmeltdownwouldtaketime.TheiceinAntarcticaandArcticlocksupnearlyninetimesthevolumeofwatercontainedinalltheworld’sriversandlakes.Thesearesuchbig”icecubes’anditwouldprobablytakethousandsofyearstomeltthem,
AnotherscientistCharlesBentleydoesn’tthinkameltdownwillhappenatall.”Evenifwarmertemperaturesbegintomeltpolar-ice,”hesays,”theexcessmoisturewouldmostlikelyberedepositedassnow.”Inotherwords,themeltedicewouldevaporateintotheatmosphere,refreeze,
andfallasrainandsnowoverthePoles.
Typically,warmingoftheclimateleadstoincreasedmeltingratesofseaicecoverandincreasedprecipitationrates.However,intheSouthernOcean,withincreasedprecipitationratesanddeepersnow,theadditionalloadofsnowbecomessoheavythatitpushestheAntracticseaicebelowsealevel.Thisresultsinevenmoreandeventhickerseaicewhenthesnowrefreezesasmoreice.Therefore,itispredictedthatsomeclimateprocesses,likewarmerairtemperaturesincreasingtheamountofseaice,maygoagainstwhatwewouldnormallybelievewouldoccur.”Weusedcomputer-generatedsimulationstogetthisresearchresult.Ihopethatinthefuturewe’llbeabletoverifythisresultwithrealdatathroughalong-termicethicknessmeasurementcampaign,”
SaidPowell,”Ourgoalasscientistsistocollectharddatatoverifywhatthecomputermodelistellingus.ItwillbecriticaltoknowforcertainwhetheraverageseaicethicknessisindeedincreasingintheAntarcticasourmodelindicates,andsodeterminewhatenviron
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