三维GIS实验一Surfer8地理信息制图.docx
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三维GIS实验一Surfer8地理信息制图.docx
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三维GIS实验一Surfer8地理信息制图
三维GIS实验一:
Surfer8地理信息制图
UnderstandingHowtoUseSurfer
Themostcommonapplication(应用)ofSurferistocreateagrid-based(基于格网的)mapfromanXYZdatafile(有限个点的X、Y、Z坐标值组成的文件).TheGrid|DatacommandusesanXYZdatafiletoproduceagridfile(格网文件).ThegridfileisthenusedbymostoftheMapmenu(地图菜单)commandstoproducemaps.Postmaps(张贴图)andbasemapsdonotusegridfiles.(张贴图和基面图除外,它们不需要使用格网文件)
Theflowchart(流程图)totherightillustrates(图解)therelationshipbetweenXYZdatafiles,gridfiles,contour(等高线,等值线)maps,andwireframes(线框图).
Lesson1-CreatinganXYZDataFile
AnXYZdatafileisafilecontainingatleastthreecolumns(列)ofdatavalues.ThefirsttwocolumnsaretheXandYcoordinates(坐标值)forthedatapoints.Thethirdcolumn(列)istheZvalueassignedtotheXYpoint.Althoughitisnotrequired,enteringtheXcoordinate(坐标)inColumn(列)A,theYcoordinate(坐标)inColumn(列)B,andtheZvalueinColumn(列)Cisagoodidea.Surferlooksforthesecoordinates(坐标)inthesecolumnsbydefault.
一、OpeninganExistingDataFile
TolookatanexampleofanXYZdatafile,youcanopenTUTORWS2.DATintoaworksheet(工作表)window:
1.ChoosetheFile|Opencommand,orclickthe
buttontoselecttheXYZdatafile.
2.Double-clickontheSAMPLESfolder.Inthelistoffiles,clickTUTORWS2.DATandthenclicktheOpenbuttontodisplaythefileintheworksheet(工作表)window.
3.NoticethattheXcoordinate(坐标)(Easting)isinColumn(列)A,theYcoordinate(坐标)(Northing)isinColumn(列)B,andtheZvalue(Elevation)isinColumn(列)C.Althoughitisnotrequired,theheadertext(thetextinrow(行)1)ishelpfulinidentifyingthetypeofdatainthecolumn(列),andthisinformationisusedindialogboxeswhenselectingworksheet(工作表)columns.
二、CreatingaNewDataFile
TheSurferworksheet(工作表)canalsobeusedtocreateadatafile.Toopenaworksheet(工作表)windowandbeginenteringdata:
1.ChoosetheFile|Newcommandorclickthe
button.
2.ClicktheWorksheet(工作表)optionintheNewdialogandthenclickOKtodisplayanewemptyworksheet(工作表)window.
3.Theactivecell(单元格)isselectedbyclickingonthecell(单元格)orbyusingthearrow(行)keystomovebetweencells(单元格).Theactivecell(单元格)isindicatedbyaheavyborderandthecontentsoftheactivecell(单元格)aredisplayedintheactivecell(单元格)editbox.
4.Whenacell(单元格)isactive,enteravalueortext,andtheinformationisdisplayedinboththeactivecell(单元格)andtheactivecell(单元格)box.
5.TheBACKSPACEandDELETEkeyscanbeusedtoeditdataasyoutype.
6.PresstheENTERkeyandthedataareenteredintothecell(单元格).
7.Topreservethetypeddataintheactivecell(单元格),movetoanewcell(单元格).Movetoanewcell(单元格)byclickinganewcell(单元格)withthepointer(鼠标指针),pressingoneofthearrow(行)keys,orpressingENTER.
三、SavingtheDataFile
Whenyouhavecompletedenteringallofthedata:
1.ChoosetheFile|Savecommand,orclickthe
button.TheSaveAs(另存为)dialogisdisplayedifyouhavenotpreviouslysavedthedatafile.
2.IntheSaveAs(另存为)typelist,choosetheGoldenSoftwareData(*.DAT)option.
3.TypethenameofthefileintotheFilenamebox.
4.ClickSaveandaGSIDataExportOptionsdialogopens.
5.AcceptthedefaultsintheGSIDataExportOptionsdialogbyclickingtheOKbutton.
ThefileissavedintheGoldenSoftwareData[.DAT]formatwiththefilenameyouspecified.Thenameofthedatafileappearsatthetopoftheworksheet(工作表)window.
Lesson2-CreatingaGridFile
Gridfilesarerequiredtoproduceagrid-basedmap.Grid-basedmapsincludecontour(等值线)maps,imagemaps,shadedrelief(晕渲图)maps,1-gridvectormaps,2-gridvectormaps,wireframes(线框图),andsurfaces.GridfilesarecreatedusingtheGrid|Datacommand.TheDatacommandrequiresdatainthreecolumns,onecolumn(列)containingXdata,onecolumn(列)containingYdata,andonecolumn(列)containingZdata.WehaveincludedasampleXYZdatafile(TUTORWS.DAT)withSurferforyoutoseehowtoproduceagridfile.Aftercompletingthetutorial(教程),ifyouneedtoproduceanXYZdatafileofyourdataforyourwork,seeLesson1-CreatinganXYZDataFile.
ToproduceagridfilefromTUTORWS.DAT:
1.Ifyouhavetheworksheet(工作表)windowopen,clickontheWindowmenuandchoosePlot(绘图)1.Alternatively(另一个选择),youcancreateanewplot(绘图)windowwithFile|New(selectPlot(绘图)DocumentandthenclickOK).
2.ChoosetheGrid|Datacommand.
3.IntheOpendialog,clickthefileTUTORWS.DAT(locatedinSurfer'sSAMPLESfolder).ThenameappearsintheFilenameboxbelowthelistofdatafiles.
4.ClickOpenandtheGridDatadialogisdisplayed.Alternatively(另一个选择),youcandouble-clickthedatafilenametodisplaytheGridDatadialog.
5.TheGridDatadialogallowsyoutocontrolthegridding(格网化)parameters(参数).Takeamomenttolookoverthevariousoptionsinthedialog.Donotmakechangesatthistime,asthedefaultparameters(参数)createanacceptablegridfile.
oTheDataColumnsgroupisusedtospecifythecolumnscontainingtheXandYcoordinates(坐标),andtheZvaluesinthedatafile.
oTheGridLineGeometrygroupisusedtospecifytheXYgridlimits(边界),gridspacing,andnumberofgridlines(alsoreferredtoasrows(行)andcolumns)inthegridfile.
oTheGridding(格网化)Methodgroupisusedtospecifytheinterpolationmethodandinterpolationoptions.
oTheOutputGridFilegroupisusedtospecifythepathandfilenameforthegridfile.
oTheGridReportoptionisusedtospecifywhethertocreateastatisticalreportforthedata.
6.ClickOK.Inthestatusbar(状态栏)atthebottomofthewindow,adisplayindicatestheprogressofthegridding(格网化)procedure.Byacceptingthedefaults,thegridfileusesthesamepathandfilenameasthedatafile,butthegridfilehasa[.GRD]extension(扩展名).
7.Bydefault,amessageappearsaftergridding(格网化)thedata.ClickOKinthegridfilehasbeencreatedmessagebox.
8.IfGridReportischecked,areportisdisplayed.Youcanminimizeorclosethisreport.
Lesson3-CreatingaContour(等值线)Map
TheMap|Contour(等值线)Mapcommandcreatesacontour(等值线)mapbasedonagridfile.
Tocreateacontour(等值线)mapoftheTUTORWS.GRDfilecreatedinthepreviouslesson:
1.ChoosetheMap|Contour(等值线)Map|NewContour(等值线)Mapcommand,orclickthe
button.
2.TheOpenGriddialogisdisplayed.Thegridfileyoujustcreated(TUTORWS.GRD)isautomaticallyenteredintheFilenamebox.IfthefiledoesnotappearintheFilenamebox,selectitfromthefilelist.
3.ClicktheOpenbuttontocreateacontour(等值线)map.
4.Themapiscreatedusingthedefaultcontour(等值线)mapProperties(属性).
5.Ifyouwantthecontour(等值线)maptoFill(填充)thewindow,choosetheView|FittoWindowcommand.
一、OpeningMapProperties(属性)
Aftercreatingamap,youcanchangethemapProperties(属性).Thereareseveralwaystoopenanobject'sProperties(属性).Themostcommonmethodistodouble-clickontheobject.RefertoProperties(属性)foralternativemethodsofopeningProperties(属性).
二、ChangingContour(等值线)Levels(等级)
Afteryoucreateacontour(等值线)map,youcaneasilymodifyanyofthemapfeatures.Forexample,youmightwanttochangethecontour(等值线)levels(等级)displayedonthemap.
Tochangethecontour(等值线)levels(等级)ofthemapyoujustcreated:
1.Placethepointer(鼠标指针)insidethelimits(边界)ofthecontour(等值线)mapanddouble-clicktodisplaythecontour(等值线)mapProperties(属性)dialog.
2.Inthecontour(等值线)mapProperties(属性)dialog,clicktheLevels(等级)pagetodisplaythecontour(等值线)levels(等级)andcontour(等值线)lineProperties(属性)forthemap.Inthisexample,thecontour(等值线)levels(等级)beginatZ=20.Clickonthescrollbarattherighttoscrolltothebottom.Youcanseethatthemaximumcontour(等值线)levelisZ=105forthismapandthatthecontour(等值线)interval(间距)is5.
3.Tochangethecontour(等值线)rangeandinterval(间距),clicktheLevelbuttonandtheContour(等值线)Levels(等级)dialogisdisplayed.ThisshowstheMinimumandMaximumcontour(等值线)levelforthemapandthecontour(等值线)Interval(间距).
4.Double-clickintheInterval(间距)boxandtypethevalue10.ClicktheOKbuttonandtheLevels(等级)pageisupdatedtoreflectthechange.
5.ClickOKinthecontour(等值线)mapProperties(属性)dialogandthemapisredrawnwiththenewcontour(等值线)levels(等级).
三、ChangingContour(等值线)LineProperties(属性)
Youcandouble-clickanyoftheelementsinthelistontheLevels(等级)pagetomodifytheindividualelement.Forexample,youcandouble-clickanindividualZvalueinthelisttochangetheZvalueforthatparticularcontour(等值线)level.Youcanalsodouble-clickthelinestyleforanindividualleveltomodifythelineProperties(属性)fortheselectedlevel.Thisprovidesawaytoemphasizeindividualcontour(等值线)levels(等级)onthemap.
Tochangecontour(等值线)lineProperties(属性):
1.Double-clickthecontour(等值线)maptoopenthemapProperties(属性).
2.OntheLevels(等级)page,double-clickthelinesampleforthecontour(等值线)levelatZ=70toopentheLineProperties(属性)dialog.
3.Youcanselectthelinecolor,style,orwidthfortheselectedlineintheLineProperties(属性)dialog.IntheWidthbox,clicktheuparrow(行),andchangethewidthvalueto0.030in.(Awidthof0.000inisequivalenttoonepixelwidth.)
4.ClickOKintheLineProperties(属性)dialog,andtheLevels(等级)pageisupdatedtoreflectthechange.
5.ClickOKinthemapProperties(属性)dialogandthemapisredrawn.Thecontour(等值线)lineatZ=70isdrawnwithathickerline.
四、AddingColorFill(填充)betweenContour(等值线)Lines
ColorFill(填充)canbeassig
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