考研阅读.docx

考研阅读.docx

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考研阅读

PartA

Directions:

 Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:

InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:

theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!

”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:

weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:

intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

文章出处：

herdmentality

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现：

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure

对于社会治疗的补充

[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

对于团队活力的刺激

[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress

学校进步的阻碍

[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

一些不良行为的原因

解析：

这是一个细节题：

对应文中Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.题干中的often对应原文中的usually；选项中undesirablebehaviors对应nogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.lead对于cause.完美替换，四级难度，出题人很仁慈。

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

罗森博格认为公共支持者应该：

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers

招募职业的广告人

[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience

从广告人那里学习经验

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

远离商业广告人

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

认识到广告的局限性

解析：

本题为细节题，根据题干定位到：

三段最后一句：

Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.这样的句子的理解难点是一个短语：

takeapagefrom向谁学习，如果不懂，可以看后面的soskilledatapplying，也能熟练的运用，一个“也”道出天机，小词有大乾坤啊！

23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto

作者认为Rosenberg未能：

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

足够的探究社会和生物因素

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

有效地逃避社会治疗的缺点

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

例证出国家基金的功能

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

产生长期的社会影响

解析：

细节题问观点；对应句子Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.指出不足；后面一句中的主语JointheClub为此人所写，所以后面的表述就是他的观点：

notenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.：

完美替换exploration对probe;

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

第五段表明对于行为的模仿：

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

对于朋友的网络是有害的

[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

会误导对于行为的研究

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit

在没有意识到的时候就出现了

[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

会产生不良的健康习惯

解析：

细节题；对应句子Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:

weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.对unconsciously完美替换。

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

作者在最后一段中认为同龄人压力的效果是：

[A]harmful

[B]desirable

[C]profound

[D]questionable

解析：

局部态度题对应Farlesscertain,however,is…Thetacticneverreallyworks…表明作者对于这个事物的看法是不确定的所以选最后一个。

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:

whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRC）reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.

文章出处：

题目为：

VermontYankeeplant’sownermusthonoritsownpromises

26.Thephrase“renegingon”（Line3.para.1）isclosestinmeaningto

短语“renegingon”最接近那个意思：

[A]condemning.

谴责

[B]reaffirming.

再次确认

[C]dishonoring.

不守信用

[D]securing.

安全

解析：

词意题：

Adealisadeal之后出现except，表明前后相反；还有一次题眼：

commitmenttoabideby；前面出现provokedjustifiedoutrage，一个是正当的愤怒，一个是守承诺，那么中间就只能是不受承诺了。

答案为[C]dishonoring.

27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto

同意2002年的协议，Entergy公司希望：

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

获得Vermont监管者的保护

[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

寻求联邦立法机关的帮助

[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.

要求延长商业执照的有效期

[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.

获得购买一个电厂的许可

解析：

细节题根据题干对应文中Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.

冲突从2002年开始就出现了，那个时候公司购买了Vermont唯一的一家核电站；在Vernon的一家很旧的反应堆。

Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.

作为获得州政府购买批准的条件，公司同意在2012年以后的运营需要征得州监管者的同意。

2002agreement对应thecompanyagreedto；intendedto对应Asaconditionof因此答案为：

receivingstateapprovalforthesale；[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.完美替换。

28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits

根据第四段，Entergy存在哪些方面的问题：

[A]managerialpractices.

管理实践

[B]technicalinnovativeness.

技术创新

[C]financialgoals.

财务目标

[D]businessvision

经营愿景

解析：

细节题：

Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement

一系列的事故，包括2007年冷凝塔的部分坍塌，发现地下管道系统的泄露，这些都引起了对于VermontYankee安全和公司管理的强烈关注。

所以答案应该是[A]managerialpractices.

29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest

作者认为Vermont的案例将会测试：

[A]Ent