最新《英语语言学》复习要点.docx
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最新《英语语言学》复习要点.docx
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最新《英语语言学》复习要点
喜欢□一般□不喜欢□
为了解目前大学生对DIY手工艺品制作的消费情况,我们于己于人2004年3月22日下午利用下课时间在校园内进行了一次快速抽样调查。
据调查本次调查人数共50人,并收回有效问卷50份。
调查分析如下:
(3)个性体现
创新是时下非常流行的一个词,确实创新能力是相当重要的特别是对我们这种经营时尚饰品的小店,更应该勇于创新。
在这方面我们是很欠缺的,故我们在小店经营的时候会遇到些困难,不过我们会克服困难,努力创新,把我们的小店经营好。
3.www。
oh/ov。
com/teach/student/shougong/
据调查统计在对大学生进行店铺经营风格所考虑的因素问题调查中,发现有50%人选择了价格便宜些,有28%人选择服务热情些,有30%人选择店面装潢有个性,只有14%人选择新颖多样。
如图(1-5)所示
随科技的迅速发展,人们的生活日益趋向便捷、快速,方便,对于我国传统的手工艺制作,也很少有人问津,因此,我组想借此创业机会,在校园内开个DIY创意小屋。
它包括编织、刺绣、串珠等,让我们传统的手工制作也能走进大学,丰富我们的生活。
2、消费者分析
(二)创业弱势分析
“漂亮女生”号称全国连锁店,相信他们有统一的进货渠道。
店内到处贴着“10元以下任选”,价格便宜到令人心动。
但是转念一想,发夹2.8元,发圈4.8元,皮夹子9.8元,好像和平日讨价还价杀来的心理价位也差不多,只不过把一只20元的发夹还到5元实在辛苦,现在明码标价倒也省心省力。
Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics
1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinitionlanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalsocialandconventional.
Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageoralternativelyasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageoradisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.
2.Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacementetc.
ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsevenwithonomatopoeicwords.
Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
☺thelowerorthebasiclevel----thesoundunitsorphonemeswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.
☺thehigherlevel----morphemesandwordswhicharemeaningful
CreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.
Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresentrealorimaginedmattersinthepastpresentorfutureorinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjectseventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentintimeandspaceatthemomentofcommunication
3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.
Jakobson:
InhisarticleLinguisticsandPoetics(1960)definedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:
speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.
1).Referentialfunction所指功能2).Poeticfunction诗学功能3).Emotivefunction感情功能
4).Conativefunction意动功能5).Phaticfunction交感功能6).Metalingual元语言功能
HuZhuanglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.
1).Informativefunction信息功能2).Interpersonalfunction人际功能3).Performativefunction施为功能4).Emotivefunction感情功能5).Phaticcommunion交感性谈话6).Recreationalfunction娱乐性功能7).Metalingualfunction元语言功能
4.WhatarethemajordifferencesbetweenSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
AccordingtoSaussure,
(1)Langueisabstract,paroleisspecifictothespeakingsituation;
(2)Langueisnotactuallyspokenbyanindividual,paroleisalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent;(3)Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic,paroleisamassofconfusedfacts,thusnotsuitableforsystematicinvestigation.
AccordingtoN.Chomsky,Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities;Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Soaspeaker'sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence;Chomskybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetence,ratherthanperformance.Inotherwords,theyshoulddiscoverwhatanidealspeakerknowsofhisnativelanguage.
Chapter2SpeechSounds
1.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandreceived.Itisconcernedwiththeactualphysicalarticulation,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.
Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.Itisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguage.
Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication
1.
Lips
2.Teeth
3.Teethridge(alveolar)齿龈
4.Hardpalate硬腭
5.Softpalate(velum)软腭
6.Uvula小舌
7.Tipoftongue
8.Bladeoftongue舌面
9.Backoftongue
10.Vocalcords声带
11.Pharyngealcavity咽腔
12.Nasalcavity鼻腔
2.Phone(音素):
thesmallestperceptiblediscreetsegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.(inthemouth)
Phoneme(音位):
Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.(inthemind)
allophone(音位变体):
phonicvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.
//=phoneme[]=phone{}=setofallophones
IPA:
theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.
Minimalpairs最小对立体
Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:
1)differentinmeaning;2)onlyonephonemedifferent;
3)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.
e.g.aminimalpair:
pat-fat;lit-lip;phone-tone
minimalset:
pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc
3.complementarydistribution互补分布
Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.
Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theymightformacontrast;e.g./p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit];
Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydon’tdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontext
Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征
—featuresthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegment,suchasstress(重音),length(音程),rhythm(节奏),tone(音调),intonation(语调)及juncture(音渡).
Chapter3Lexicon/Morphology
1.Word
1.1Threesensesof“word”
(1)Aphysicallydefinableunit:
aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopauseorblank.
(2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm.
(3)Agrammaticalunit
1.2Identificationofwords
Somefactorscanhelpusidentifywords:
(1)Stability
(2)Relativeuninterruptibility
(3)Aminimumfreeform
1.3Theclassificationofword
Wordscanbeclassifiedintermsof:
(1)Variablevs.invariablewords(可变词/不可变词)
(2)Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords(语法词/词汇词)
(3)Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords(封闭词/开放词)
(4)wordclass(词类)
(1)Variablevs.invariablewords(可变词/不可变词)
theformerreferstowordshavinginflectivechanges(屈折变化)whilethelatterreferstowordshavingnosuchendings.
Variablewords:
follow;follows;following;followed
Invariablewords:
since;when;seldom;through;hello
(2)Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords(functionwordsandcontentwords.语法词/词汇词)
Theformerreferstothosewordsexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions(连词),prepositions(介词),articles(冠词),andpronouns(代词);
thelatterreferstowordshavinglexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionetc.suchasn.,v.,adj.,andadv..
(3)Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords(封闭词/开放词)
theformerreferstowordswhosemembershipisfixedorlimited;e.g.pron.,prep.,conj.,article.
thelatterofwhichthemembershipisinfiniteorunlimited.e.g.:
n.,v.,adj.,adv.
(4)wordclass(词类)
Thetraditionallyrecognizedwordclassesare:
noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.Morewordclasseshavebeenintroducedintogrammar:
particles小品词/语助词(goby,lookfor,comeup);
auxiliaries助词(can,be,will);
pro-form替代词(do,so);
determiners前置词/限定词(all,every,few,plentyof,this).
2.Theformationofword
2.1Morphology形态学
Definition:
Morphologyisabranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
Thetwofields(p64)
Inflectionalmorphology:
thestudyofinflections
Derivationalmorphology:
thestudyofword-formation
3.Lexicalchange
3.1Lexicalchangeproper(词本身的变化)
Invention新造词Blending混合词Abbreviation缩合词Acronym首字母缩略词
back-formation逆构词analogicalcreation类比造词Borrowing借词、外来词
definition:
1)Morphology:
Morphologyisabranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2)Terminology术语解释
Morpheme:
Thesmallestunitofmeaning,whichcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithout
destroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
Freemorphemes:
morphemeswhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.
Boundmorphemes:
morphemeswhichcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwords
Inflectionalmorpheme:
akindofboundmorphemeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.
Derivationalmorpheme:
akindofboundmorphemes,addedtoexistingformstocreatenewwords.Therearethreekindsaccordingtoposition:
prefix,suffixandinfix.
Chapter4SyntaxFromWordtoText
Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.
EndocentricConstructions:
isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.
ExocentricConstructions:
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