学年级第一学期西方礼仪与文化期末课程论文答题卷.docx
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学年级第一学期西方礼仪与文化期末课程论文答题卷.docx
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学年级第一学期西方礼仪与文化期末课程论文答题卷
学院国际教育专业对外汉语班级1002班学号07姓名陈小华
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浙江越秀外国语学院2011—2012学年
第一学期期末考试
《西方礼仪与文化》课程论文答题卷
总分
复核
得分
阅卷人
Doingbusinessindifferentcultures
Abstract:
Thisthemetakeintoaccountthediversityofdoingbusinessindifferentcountries,basedonsomeunfamiliarcustomsandbehaviorsdemonstratedbythedifferentcountriesbusinesspeople.Nothingismorecomfortableandsecurethanunderstandingthecross-culturalaspect.Understandingcanfacilitatecommunicationandavoidmisunderstanding.Althoughminormistakesarepermissible,misunderstandingsandfailuretorecognizeimportantculturalsubtletiesmayleadtostagnationordismissalofthebusiness.Therefore,"cultureshock"occursasaresultoftotalimmersioninanewculture.Individualswhomaynotexperiencealltheeffectsofcultureshockmustadapttothemandadjustwellbylearningthisstudy.
Keywords:
diversity,business,cross-cultural,cultureshock
1Introduction
Inthebusinessworld,itisoftensaidthattimeismoney.Nowweshouldaddthatbeingfullyawareofculturaldifferencesandsensitivitiesismoney,too.Today,internationalbusinesspeoplefindthemselvesworkinginmulticulturalenvironments,inwhichcross-culturalknowledgeandunderstandingisincreasinglyimportant.Tobesuccessfulinthenewglobaleconomy,theyhavetodealwithrealdifferencesineverythingfromcommunicationstylestosocialetiquettetocorevalues.
2Doingbusinessindifferentcountries
businessinJapan
WheninteractingwithJapanesebusinesspeople.Americanbusinesspeoplesometimesfeeluncomfortable,puzzled,lost,irritatedandthelike,basedonsomeunfamiliarcustomsandbehaviorsdemonstratedbythedifferentcountriesbusinesspeople.Inthefollowing,threeareasarediscussed:
(a)businesssuits.ManyJapanesebusinessmentendtoweardarksuitsofnavyblue,darkgrayorbrown.Thesuitsandtiesthattheyweararequiteconservation.AJapanesebusinessmenusuallyfastensthetopbuttonofhissuitwhenhecomesintoaroomtomeetwithhisAmericancounterparttodiscusspossiblebusiness.
(b)businesscardexchange.Meishi(Businesscards)arepassedinapreciseceremonialexchangeofbowsthathelpkeepthisstatus-orientedsocietytogether.
WhenJapaneseexchangebusinesscards,itiscommonpracticetostandupandgivethebusinesscardwithtwohandsratherthanwithonehand,whileatthesametimebowingslightly.AlthoughtheJapanesebusinessmenmayhandhisbusinesscardwithtwohandstoaAmericanorforeigner,theforeignersmayreceiveitwithonehand.TheJapanesepeoplewillnotfeeloffended,butslightlyuncomfortablefeelingsmayinfactremain.Furthermore,henormallyturnsitinsuchawaythatthereceivercanreaditwithouthavingtoturnit.
WhenaJapanesebusinessmenreceiveabusinesscard,heusuallytakesalookatitandreadthedescriptionofthecontents.Theyneverputbusinesscardsinabackpocket.Theyneverwriteonbusinesscards.
(c)giftexchange.Whengivingagift,aJapanesewillstangupandholdthegiftoutwithhistwohands.ThentheothersJapaneseisexpectedtostandupandextendhistwohandsinordertoreceivethegiftwithcourteousfeelingsandappreciation.WhenaJapanesestandsupandgivesagiftwithtwohands,ifaforeignerremainsseatedandreceivethegiftwithonehands,theJapanesemayfeelslightlyhurtandthemannerwillgiveanunfavorabletheJapanese,whatisimportantisthethoughtandeffortmadeinbringingthegift,ratherthanthevalueofthegiftitself.Tosay"Thanksagainfortheomiyage(gift)",attheendoftheconversationwillcontentstheJapanese.
GenerallyspeakinginJapan,whenJapanesebusinessmenfromonecompanyvisitantherJapanesecompanytodobusiness,theymighttakegiftssuchascakesandsweetpastrieswiththemexcept,perhaps,ontheirinitialvisit.HoweverwhenitcomestointernationalbusinessnegotiationtoheldintheanAmericancompanyandaJapanesecompany,agiftisoftenbrought.Ifthefirstopportunitytogetacquaintedwitheachother,thegivingofagiftisjustaformofgreeting.Presentingagiftimpliesgoodwill,afriendlyattitudeand,possibly,adesiretodobusinesstogether.Theprice,qualityandvalueofthegiftdependsonthesituation.
NormallywhenaJapanesereceiveagiftfromantherJapanese,thereceiverdoesnotopenthegiftinthepresenceofthegiver.Orthegiverwouldprobablyconsiderthatthereceiverhaddemonstratedanextremelyblatantact.Insuchacontext,theJapanesemightgiveamoreexpensivegifttothehigherrankingorbetterknownperson.ThusiftheAmericanbusinessmenopentheirgiftsinthepresenceoftheJapanese,theywillfeelextremelyembarrassedwhentheAmericanrecognizedthattheyreceivedgiftswithdifferentvalues.
businessinRussia
TheRussiaeconomyhasexperiencedsevereproblems.Atthesametime,however,byfollowingcertainguidelines,wecanbegintotapthepotentialopportunities.HerearesomesuggestionsforbeingsuccessfulinRussia:
1 Buildpersonalrelationshipswithpartners.BusinesslawsandcontractsdonotmeanasmuchinRussiaastheydointhewest.
2 Uselocalconsultants.Becausetherulesofbusinesshavechangedsomuchinrecentyears,itpaystohavealocalRussianconsultantworkingwiththecompany.
3 Considerbusinessethics.EthicalbehaviorintheUnitedStatesisnotalwaysthesameasinRussia.
4 Bepatient.InordertogetsomethingdoneinRussia,itoftentakesmonthsofwaiting.
5 Stressexclusivity.Russianslikeexclusivearrangementsandoftennegotiatewithjustonefirnatatime.
6 Rememberthatpersonalrelationsareimportant.Russiansliketodobusinessface-to-face.
7 Keepfinancialinformationpersonal.Russianswaituntiltheyknowtheirpartnerwellenoughtofeelcomfortablebeforesharingdata.Oncetrustisestablished,thenthisinformationisprovided.
8 Researchthecompany.
9 Clarifyterminology.
ThesestepscanbecriticaltothesuccessofabusinessventureinRussia.Andwheneverythingiscompleted,thereisafinalculturaltraditionthatshouldbeobserved:
fixandreinforcethefinalagreementswithanicedinnertogetherandaninvitationtotheRussianstovisityourcountryandseeyourfacilities.
businessinIndia
AlthoughmostIndianbusinesspeoplespeakEnglish,manyoftheirvaluesandbeliefsaremarkedlydifferentfromthoseintheWest.Thus,understandingIndiancultureiscriticaltodoingbusinessinIndian.
(a)greetandgift.InIndian,ifahandshakeappeartobeimproper,itisalwaysusenamaste,whichmeas"greetingtoyou".MostIndiandonotdrinkalcoholicbeverages,andmanyarevegetariansoreatchickenbutnotbeef.Moreover,whenlocalbusinesspersoninvitesanexpatriatefordinnerathome,itisnotnecessarytobringagift,althoughitisacceptabletodoso.
(b)businesssuits.ForWesternbusinesspeopleinIndian,shirt,trousers,tie,andsuitareproperattire.InthesouthernpartofIndian,wheretheclimateisveryhot,alightsuitispreferable.Inthenorthduringthewinter,alightsweaterandjacketareagreatchoice.ManybusinesspeoplewilldresslikeEuropeans,soitisunnecessarytoadoptlocaldresscodes.
WhendoingbusinessinIndian,thereareanumberofothercustomsusefultoknow:
1 Itisimportanttobeontimeformeeting.
2 Personalquestionsshouldnotbeaskedunlesstheotherindividualisafriendorcloseassociate.
3 Titlesareimportant,sopeoplewhoaredoctorsorprofessorsshouldbeaddressedaccordingly.
4 Publicdisplaysofaffectionareconsideredtobeinappropriate,sooneshouldrefrainfrombackslappingortouchingothers.
5 Beckoningisdonewiththepalmturneddown,whilepointingoftenisdonewiththechin.
6 Wheneatingoracceptingthings,usetherighthand,becausetheleftisconsideredtobeunclean.
7 Thenamastegesturecanbeusedtogreetpeople;itisalsousedtoconveyothermessage,includingasignalthatonehashadenoughfood.
8 Bargainingforgoodsandservicesiscommon;thiscontrastswithWesterntraditions,wherebargainingmightbeconsideredrudeandabrasive.
Finally,itisimportanttorememberthatIndianareverytolerantofoutsidersandunderstandthatmanyareunfamiliarwithlocalcustomsandprocedures.Therefore,thereisnoneedtomakeaphonyattempttoconformtoIndianculturaltradition.Makinganefforttobepoliteandcourteousissufficient.
businessinArabCountries
AmericanoftenfinditextremelyhardtodobusinessinArabcountries,andanumberofArabculturalcharacteristicscanbecitedforthisdifficulty.
(a)theArabviewoftime.IntheUnitedStates,itiscommontousethecliche“timeismoney”.InArabcountries,afavoriteexpressionisBukrainsahAllah,whichmeans“tomorrowifGodwills”,anexpressionthatexplainstheArab’sfatalisticapproachtotime.ArabsbelievethatAllahcontrolstime,incontrasttowesterners,whobelievetheycontroltheirowntime.Asaresult,ifArabscommitthemselvestoadateinthefutureandfailtoshowup,thereisnoguiltorconcernontheirpart,becausetheyhavenocontrolovertimeinthefirstplace.
(b)Arabculturalbelief.Arabculturalbeliefthatgenerallyholdsisthatdestinydependsmoreonthewillofasupremebeingthanonthebehaviorofindividuals.
(c)viewofemotionandlogic.AnotherimportantculturalcontrastbetweenArabsandAmericansisthatofemotionandlogic.Arabsoftenactbasedonemotion;incontrast,thoseinAmericansculturearetaughttoactonlogic.ManyArabsliveinunstableenvironmentswherethingschangeconstantly,sotheydonot
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