经济学原理概念解释海大双语.docx
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经济学原理概念解释海大双语.docx
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经济学原理概念解释海大双语
1GettingStarted
Scarcity【稀缺】
Scarcityistheconditionthatarisesbecausewantsexceedstheabilityofresourcestosatisfythem.Facedwithscarcity,wemustmakechoices—wemustchooseamongtheavailablealternatives.Thechoiceswemakedependontheincentivesweface.
EconomicsDefined【经济学定义】
Economicsisthesocialsciencethatstudiesthechoicesthatindividuals,businesses,governments,andentiresocietiesmakeastheycopewithscarcity,theincentivesthatinfluencethosechoices,andthearrangementsthatcoordinatethem.
Economicsdividesintotwoparts:
【经济学分类】
1Microeconomics:
Thestudyofthechoicesthatindividualsandbusinessesmakeandthewaythesechoicesinteractandareinfluencedbygovernments.
2Macroeconomics:
Thestudyoftheaggregate(ortotal)effectsonthenationaleconomyandtheglobaleconomyofthechoicesthatindividuals,businesses,andgovernmentsmake.
Twobigeconomicquestions:
【两个经济学问题】
•Howdochoicesdeterminewhat,how,andforwhomgoodsandservicesgetproduced?
•Whendochoicesmadeinself-interestalsopromotethesocialinterest?
Atradeoff【取舍】isanexchange—givinguponethingtogetsomethingelse.
Opportunitycost【机会成本】isthebestthingthatyoumustgiveuptogetsomething—thehighest-valuedalternativeforgone.
Benefit【收益】isthegainorpleasurethatsomethingbrings.
Benefitismeasuredbywhatyouarewillingtogiveup.
Arationalchoice【理性选择】isachoicethatusestheavailableresourcestobestachievetheobjectiveofthepersonmakingthechoice.
Achoicemadeatthemargin【边际】isachoicemadebycomparingalltherelevantalternativessystematicallyandincrementally.
MarginalCost
Marginalcost【边际成本】istheopportunitycostofaone-unitincreaseinanactivity.
Marginalbenefit【边际收益】iswhatyougainwhenyougetonemoreunitofsomething.
Anincentive【激励】isarewardorapenalty—a“carrot”ora“stick”—thatencouragesordiscouragesanaction.
Aneconomicmodel【经济学模型】isadescriptionofsomefeatureoftheeconomicworldthatincludesonlythosefeaturesassumednecessarytoexplaintheobservedfacts.
Naturalexperiments【自然实验】:
Asituationthatarisesintheordinarycourseofeconomiclifeinwhichtheonefactorofinterestisdifferentandotherthingsareequal.
Astatisticalinvestigationlooksforacorrelation.
Correlation【相关性】isthetendencyforthevaluesoftwovariablestomovetogetherinapredictableandrelatedway.
Aneconomicexperiment【经济学实验】putspeopleinadecision-makingsituationandvariestheinfluenceofonefactoratatimetodiscoverhowtheyrespond.
Disagreementsthatcan’tbesettledbyfactsarenormativestatements【模范性描述】—statementsaboutwhatoughttobe.
Disagreementsthatcanbesettledbyfactsarepositivestatements【实证性描述】—statementsaboutwhatis.
5ElasticitiesOfDemandAndSupply
6EfficiencyAndFairnessOfMarkets
7GovernmentActionsinMarkets
需求价格弹性
Thepriceelasticityofdemandisameasureoftheresponsiveness(响应能力)ofthequantitydemandedofagoodtoachangeinitspricewhenallotherinfluencesonbuyer’splansremainthesame.
总收益
totalrevenueistheamountspentonagoodandreceivedbyitssellersandequalsthepriceofthegoodmultipliedbythequantityofthegoodsold.
供给价格弹性
Thepriceelasticityofsupplyisameasureoftheresponsiveness(响应能力)ofthequantitysuppliedofagoodtoachangeinitspricewhenallotherinfluencesonsellers’plansremainthesame.
需求交叉弹性
thecrosselasticityofdemandisameasureoftheresponsiveness(响应能力)ofthedemandforagoodtoachangeinthepriceforasubstituteorcomplementwhenotherthingsremainthesame.
配置效率
Allocativeefficiencyisachievedwhenthequantitiesofgoodsandservicesproducedarethosethatpeoplevaluemosthighly.
边际收益
Marginalbenefitisthebenefitthatpeoplereceivefromconsumingonemoreunitoftheagoodorservice.
边际成本
Marginalcostistheopportunitycostofproducingonemoreunitofagoodorserviceandismeasuredbytheslope(斜率)oftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.
有效配置
Efficientallocationisthehighest-valuedallocation.Tofindthisallocation,wecomparemarginalbenefitandmarginalcost.
消费者剩余
Consumersurplusisthebenefitfromagoodminus(减)thepricepaidforit,summed(合计)overthequantityconsumed.
生产者剩余
Producersurplusisthepriceofagoodminus(减)themarginalcostofproducingit,summed(合计)overthequantityproduced.
无谓损失
Deadweightlost,whichisthedecreaseintotalsurplusthatresultsfromaninefficientunderproductionoroverproduction,measures
thescale(规模)oftheinefficiency.
价格上限
Priceceiling(isalsocalledpricecap)isagovernmentregulationthatplacesanupper(上面的)limitatpriceatwhichaparticulargood,service,orfactorofproductionmaybetraded.
价格下限
Apricefloorisagovernmentregulationthatplacesalowerlimitonthepriceatwhichaparticulargood,service,orfactorofproductionmaybetraded.
8GlobalMarketsInAction
Comparativeadvantage(比较优势):
asaabilityofapersoncanperformtheactivityataloweropportunitycostthananyoneelse.
Tariff(关税):
isataxonagoodthatisimposedbytheimportingcountrywhenanimportedgoodcrossesitsinternationalboundary.
Quota(配额):
isaquantitativerestrictionontheimportofagoodthatlimitsthemaximumquantityofagoodthatmaybeimportedinagivenperiod.
Subsidy(补贴):
isapaymentbythegovernmenttoaproducer.
Dumping(倾销):
aforeignfirmsellsitsexportsatalowerpricethanitscostofproduction.
Rentseeking(寻租):
islobbyingandotherpoliticalactivitythatseekstocapturethegainsfromtrade.
9ExternalitiesPollutionEducationAndHealthCare
Externality(外部性):
isacostorabenefitthatarisesfromproductionandthatfallsonsomeoneotherthantheproduceroracostorabenefitthatarisesfromconsumptionandthatfallsonsomeoneotherthantheconsumer.
Marginalprivatecost(边际私人成本):
isthecostofproducinganadditionalunitofagoodorservicethatisbornebytheproducerofthatgooforservice
Marginalexternalcost(边际外部成本):
isthecostifproducinganadditionalunitofagoodorservicethatfallsonpeopleotherthantheproducer
Marginalsocialcost(边际外部成本):
isthemarginalcostincurredbytheentiresocietybytheproducerandbyeveryoneelseonwhomthecostfalls--andisthesumofmarginalprivatecostandmarginalexternalcost.
(边际收益类似)
10ProductionAndCost
Economicdepreciation(经济折旧):
istheopportunitycostofthefirmusingcapitalthatitowns.Itismeasuredasthechangeinthemarketvalueofcapital--themarketpriceofthecapitalatthebeginningofaperiodminusitsmarketpriceattheendofaperiod.
Theshotrun(短期):
isthetimeframeinwhichthequantitiesofsomeresourcesarefixed.
Thelongrun(长期):
isthetimeframeinwhichthequantitiesoallresourcescanbevaried.
Marginalproduct(边际产量):
isthechangeintotalproductthatresultsfromaone-unitincreaseinthequantityoflaboremployed.
Increasingmarginalreturns(边际报酬递增):
whenthemarginalproductofanadditionalworkerexceedsthemarginalproductofthepreviousworker.
(递减类似)
Lawofdecreasingreturns(边际报酬递减规律):
Asafirmusesmoreofavariablefactorofproduction,withagivenquantityoffixedfactorsofproduction,themarginalproductofthevariablefactoreventuallydecreases.
Totalfixedcost(总固定成本):
isthecostofafirm’sfixedfactorsofproduction.
Totalvariablecost(总变化成本):
isthecostofafirm’svariablefactorofproduction-labor.
(平均即是每一件的成本)
Marginalcost(边际成本):
isthechangeintotalcostthatresultsfromaone-unitincreaseinoutput.
11PerfectCompetition
Apricetaker【价格接收者】isafirmthatcannotinfluencethepriceofthegoodorservicethatitproduces.
Afirm’smarginalrevenue【边际收入】isthechangeintotalrevenuethatresultsfromaone-unitincreaseinthequantitysold.
Thefirm’sshutdownpoint【停业点】istheoutputandpriceatwhichpriceequalsminimumaveragevariablecost.
12Monopoly
Anaturalmonopoly【自然垄断】existswhenthetechnologyforproducingagoodorserviceenablesonefirmtomeettheentiremarketdemandatalowerpricethantwoormorefirmscould.
Alegalmonopoly【法律垄断】isamarketinwhichcompetitionandentryarerestrictedbygrantingofapublicfranchise,governmentlicense,patent,orcopyright.
Asingle-pricemonopoly【单一价格垄断】isafirmthatmustselleachunitofitsoutputforthesamepricetoallitscustomers.
Aprice-discriminatingmonopoly【价格歧视垄断】isafirmthatisabletoselldifferentunitsofagoodorservicefordifferentprices.
Rentseeking【寻租】istheactofobtainingspecialtreatmentbythegovernmenttocreateeconomicprofitortodivertconsumersurplusorproducersurplusawayfromothers.
Perfectpricediscrimination【完全价格歧视】extractstheentireconsumersurplusbychargingthehighestpricethatconsumersarewillingtopayforeachunit.
Regulation【规制】isthesetofrulesadministeredbyagovernmentagencytoinfluenceprices,quantities,entry,andotheraspectsofeconomicactivityinafirmorindustry.
Deregulation【解除规制】istheprocessofremovingregulationonprices,quantities,entry,andotheraspectsofeconomicactivityinafirmorindustry.
Marginalcostpricingrule【边际成本定价规则】isarulethatsetspriceequaltomarginalcosttoachieveanefficientoutput.
Averagecostpricingrule【平均成本定价规则】isarulethatsetspriceequaltoaveragetotalcost.
13MonopolisticCompetitionandOligopoly
Productdifferentiation【产品差异】ismakingaproductthatisslightlydifferentfromtheproductsofcompetingfirms.
Thefour-firmconcentrationratio【四企业集中率】isthepercentageofthevalueofsalesaccountedforbythefourlargestfirmsintheindustry.
TheHerfindahl-HirschmanIndex(HHI)【赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数】isthesquareofthepercentagem
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- 经济学原理 概念 解释 双语