外报外刊阅读基本知识.docx
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外报外刊阅读基本知识.docx
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外报外刊阅读基本知识
Newspaper–Reading1
TextOne
Whatdowelearnfromthefrontpage?
Thefirstpageofanynewspaper,calledthefrontpage,istheonereadersareguaranteedtosee.Itisonlylogicalthenfornewspaperstousethispagetopresentthemostimportantnewsoftheday.Evenmorelogicalistousethisspacetochronicleotherinformationcontainedinthepaperandaboutthepaperitself.
1.Thepaper’sbanner,orflag.Thisisthenameofthenewspaper,usuallywritteninlarge,ornate,ordistinctivelettering.Thebannermayalsocontainatrademarkpictureorsymbol.Somepapersalsoprinttheweatherforecastforthedaytoonesideofthebanner.Theothersidemaylistabriefindextowhatcanbefoundontheinsidepages.Whenitemssuchastheweatherandindexareplacedateithersideofthebanner—theheadofthenewspaper—theyarecommonlyreferredtoas“ears.”
2.Dateofpublicationtellsyouthedayoftheweek,themonth,andtheyearthatthenewspaperwasprinted.
3.Newsstandprice.Thisistheamountyouwillpayforthenewspaperifyouarebuyingitfromamachineoratthestorecounter.
4.Thisisthebannerheadline,oftenjustcalledabanner.Thisshouldnotbeconfusedwiththebannerthatisthenameofthenewspaper.Thebannerheadlineisthetopheadline,frequentlyrunningacrossthewholepage.Itslargetypesizedominatesthepage.
5.Aheadlineforanewsstory.Bychoosingthecorrecttypesizeandstyle,theeditortriestofocusyourattentiononthestoryundertheheadline.Mostheadlines(usuallycalledheads,forshort,innewsrooms)trytogiveyouanideaofwhatthestoriesareabout.Headlinesarenearlyalwayswrittenwiththeverbinthepresenttense.Thestory,ontheotherhand,iswritteninthepasttense.Itsoundsasthoughthetwowouldn’tmix,buttheydo—andthereasonforthedifferenceislogical.Newspaperstrytobeasup-to-date2aspossible.Withtheheadlineinthepresenttense,thereaderisgiventhesensethattheeventsarehappeningrightnow.Forthestory,however,thepasttenseisusedtomaketheaccountmoreaccurateandreadable.Forexample,theheadlinemightread:
______________________________________________________________
PRESENDENTMEETSWITHNEW
ARABCHIEF
______________________________________________________________
Andsincethenewspaperisdescribingameetingthathasalreadytakenplace,thestorywouldbewritteninthepasttense.
6.Abylinetellswhowrotethestory.Thewriterofastory,however,doesnotalwaysreceiveabyline,andoftenastorywillappearwithnobyline.Often,creditwillbegiventoreportsfromthewireservice,suchastheAssociatedPress(AP)andUnitedPressInternational(UPI).Reportsprefer,ofcourse,tohavebylinesappearontheirstoriesbecausebylinesgivethemindividualcreditforaparticularpiece.
7.Theindextellswhichsectionsofthepapercontaincertaintypesofnews.Onetypeofindexsimplyliststhesectionsinalphabeticalorder.Othersaremorecomplete,inthattheyalsoprovideasummaryofthenewsandfeaturearticlesforthisparticularday.Unlikeabook,whichhastheindexattheback,anewspaperoftenprintstheindexonthefrontpage.Theexactlocationandsizevarywitheverynewspaper.
TextTwoHeadlines
HowaHeadlineIsFormedinEnglishNewspapers
InreadingEnglishnewspapers,oneofthedifficultiesthestudentwillfaceistheheadlines.Aheadlineisfullofspecialgrammaticalstructures,technicalexpressionsandabbreviations.Thestudentmustkeepitinmindthatthepurposeofandfunctionoftheheadlineistocatchthereader’sattentionataglanceontheonehandandsumup1thewholenewsstoryontheother.
Forthisreason,thestructureofEnglishinaheadlineissomewhatdifferentfromthatofproseorotherwritings,atleast,fromthegrammaticalpointofview.
Ifheknowswhat’swhataboutthestructureofaheadline,thestudentwillbeintherightdirectiontowardreadinganyEnglishnewspaperathisdisposal.
Thefollowingpointsaresomeofthemostessentialcharacteristics(structures)ofaheadline:
1.Usesimplepresenttensetoindicatetheactionoreventwhichhappenedinthepast,asin:
200G.I.’sClashWith50Koreans(=200GovernmentIssues,i.e.Americansoldiersclashedwith50Koreans)
Mr.LuWinsJapanGolfPrizeinPlay-off
CabbieMurdererGetsDeath
USOKsLebanonOfferonPOWs
2.Usepresentprogressivetoindicatetheactionoreventwhichisgoingonatthepresentmomentorinthenearfuture,forinstance:
WaterSupplyRunningLowinTaipeiArea(=WatersupplyisrunninglowinTaipeiarea)
Moreexamples:
ColumbiaVIPsVisitingHere
AminMissingafterAssassinationAttempt
AndyYoungWatchingHisTongue
ProtectionismPosingThreattoWorldTrade
3.Usetheinfinitivetoindicatethefutureeventoraction,forexample:
CubatoSwapCaptiveswithUS(=CubaistoswapcaptiveswithUS)
HKStudentstoContinueDemonstrations
PantherLeadertoReturntoUS
GaysRallyWorldwidetoFightforRights
IndiatoElectNewPrexyonAug.8
4.Usethepastparticipletensetoindicatetheactionoreventinthepassivetense,asin:
TaiwanDrugTraffickerSentencedtoDeath(=Taiwandrugtraffickerwassentencedtodeath)
TwoJail-breakersChargedin36TaipeiBurglaries
PeipingFoundFishinginTroubledMEWaterswithEquipmentasBait
RussiansSaidSpyinginCanadianWaters
5.Verb-to-beisoftenomitted,unlesstoavoidambiguity2,forexample:
S.AfricaOptimisticaboutFutureofGold(=SouthAfricaisoptimisticaboutthefutureofgold)
Later-HourAccordtoAcceptWorldCourt’sJurisdictionConcordeValuableforAtmosphereStudy
SecuritySituationinSEAsiaStillCrucial,Sensitive
6.Useshortphraseforeffectivepurpose,forexample:
SanatoriumforNeedy
ButterflyParkinSouth
LocalNewsinBrief
TaiwanRiceforManlia
7.Thearticles(a,anandthe)areusuallyomittedinaheadline,forexample:
CarRamsintoClinic(=Acarrammedintoaclinic)
NewCrackdownonAutoPollution
SanatoriumforNeedy(=Asanatoriumisfortheneedy)
8.Usecomma(,)fortheomission3ofand,asinthefollowing:
SevereQuakeHitsChile,Argentina(=SeverequakehitsChileandArgentina)
BusCollisionKillsTwo,Injuries40
U.S.,USSRtoEnlargeN-TestBanTalk
ChrisEvert,RussGalEnterWimbyFinals
9.Usesemi-colon(;)toseparatetwoindependentclauseswithtwodifferentevents,asin:
IndiaGoesNuclear;U.S.Concerned
HuaFiresDissidents;Teng’sReturnLikely
AmintoSeverTieswithU.K.,SwitchEmbraceFrance;ConfirmsPilot
10.Usecolon(:
)toindicatethesourcesofthenews,asin:
Shen:
ROCtoOvercomeAnyDifficulty
Carter:
SALTTalkNottoLinkWithHumanRightsConcept
ManyScholarstoReturnfromU.S.:
Dr.Chien
SecretDiplomacyUnavoidable:
Dr.K
OPECAgreestoFreezeOilPrice:
Yamani
11.Usequestionmark(?
)toindicatetheeventorthenewswhichishighlydoubtful,forexample:
MaoInCriticalCondition?
UThantOpentodraft?
NATOforFarEast?
Manydifferentstylesorpatternsofheadlinesarewidelyusedonthepagesofschoolanddailynewspapers.
1)FlushLeftHeadlines
Thesearebasicheadlinesforstreamlinednewspapers.Caps5andlowercaseareusedtomakethemeasytoread.Forgoodappearance,eachlineshouldfillatleastthree-quartersofitscolumn;Itmayextendallthewayacrossthecolumnifdescribed.
Flushleftheadlinesmaybewritteninvarioussizestosuiteachstory’simportance.
Reshuffle
Reduces
France’s
Cabinet
2)StreamerorBannerHeadlines
Animportantstorymayrateastreamerheadlineacrossthetopofthefrontpageorthesportspage.Thisheadline,inlargetype,extendscompletelyacrossallcolumns.Itmustthereforebewrittentoanexactunitcount.Forexample:
12thPartyCongressOpens
3)OtherStylesorPatternsofHeadlines
a.DropForm(阶梯下坠形)
ManyNewYorkClubs
AndOfficeBuildings
ViolatetheFireLaw
b.InvertedPyramidForm(倒金字塔形)
HeavyLossesAreReportedin
FightinginSouthLebanon
andalongtheCoast
c.JumpHead(转页标题)
PentagonPlansU.S.PlansWeapon
SystemtoFightAgainstSatellites
SovietSatellites
(原标题)(转页标题)
ManyNewYorkClubsPowerbills
AndOfficeBuildingsspark
TextTree
TheCompositionsofaNewspaperStory
Eachnewsstorymustanswerthequestionswhicharecalledareporter’s“five(reallysix)faithfulservants”—who?
What?
When?
Where?
HoworWhy?
Inwritinganewsstory,areporterwilltrytoanswereachofthesequestionsinthefirsttwoparagraphs.Theseparagraphsarecalledthelead(pronouncedleed).Theleadisthemostimportantfacts.Inthebodyofthestory,thereportermustdocumentorsupportthesefacts.Asaresult,thestructureofanewsstoryresemblesanupside-downtriangle,andstorieswritteninthismanneraresaidtofollowthe“invertedpyramid”style3.Theleadsummarizethemainfacts,andeachsucceedingparagraphfleshesoutthestorybyaddingotherfactsindescendingorderofimportance4.Thediagrambelowillustratesatypicalstorystructure.
WHO,WHAT,WHEN,WHERE
—LEADPARAGRAPHS
HOWORWHY
———NEXTMOSTIMPORTANT
————SUPPORTINGFACTS
——————LESSIMPORTANT
SUPPORTINGFACTS
——————————LEASTIMPORTANTFACTS
CanyoufindthefiveW’sintheleadinthefollowingnewsstory?
Usethesequestionstohelpyou:
Whathappened?
Whendidithappen?
Howdidithappen?
Whowasinvolved?
Wheredidithappen?
Threeconvictsfromthecityjailwhoescapedyesterdaybyhidinginalaundrytruckmaystillbeinthearea,thesheriff’sOfficeannouncedtoday.
Youdonothavetoreadfurtherinthisstoryunlessyouwanttoknowmoredetails.Theleadsatisfiedallthequestionsyouwouldgenerallywantto
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