英美文学概括版.docx
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英美文学概括版.docx
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英美文学概括版
自考英美文学资料
英国文学
AnintroductiontooldandmedievalEnglishliterature:
1.EnglandwasconqueredbytheRomans,theAnglo-Saxons,andtheNormans.
2.Language&cultureinfluence:
TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttoEnglandtheGermaniclanguageandculture,whiletheNormans(mostinfluence)broughtafreshwaveofMediterraneancivilization,whichincludeGreekculture,Romanlaw,andtheChristianreligion.
3.TheperiodofoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.
4.TheAnglo-SaxonslanguageisthebasisofmodernEnglish.
5.TheoldEnglishpoetrycanbedividedintotwogroups:
thereligiousgroup(宗教诗)andthesecularone(世俗诗).
6.Beowulf(贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗;该史诗中的主角)),atypicalexampleofoldEnglishpoetry,isregardedtodayasthenationalepic(民族史诗)oftheAnglo-Saxons.Literaryposition:
Thepoemwasoriginallyinanoralform,itiswrittendowninthe10thcentury.Thematicallythepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.
7.TheNormanconqueststartsthemedievalperiodinEnglishliterature,whichisfrom1066uptothemid-14thcentury.
8.Romance(骑士抒情诗),apopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod)usesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,whosemotifs(主题,主旨)ofthequestisfortruth,beautyandkindness.
9.Chaucer(乔叟):
whosemasterpieceisTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》.ThefamouscharacterofhisworksistheWifeofBath.Chauceremployedtheheroiccoupletverseform(英雄双韵诗形式)withtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.HeisthefatherofEnglishpoetry.
英国文学TheRenaissancePeriod(文艺复兴时期)
1.Itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturies.
2.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance:
manisthemeasureofallthings.
3.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.Ideas:
entitledtoenjoyfreedom,lifeandhappiness;potentialtoachievewonders,greatthings.
4.IntheearlystageoftheRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeareandBenJohnson.ThepoetryismostlywrittenbyJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.
5.FrancisBacon(弗朗西斯·培根),thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.
6.EdmundSpenser(埃德蒙•斯宾塞)
6.1Heisthepoets’poet.HewasburiedbesidehismasterChaucer.
6.2HismasterpieceisTheFaerieQueene(仙后).Itspurposeistofashionagentlemanornoblepersoninvirtuousandgentlediscipline.Thispoemiswritteninformofverseandallegory.ItsunifyingcharactersareArthur,theRedcrosseandGloriana,theFairyQueen.ThethemeisnotArmsandtheman,butsomethingmoreromantic---fiercewarsandfaithfulloves.
6.3ThefivemainqualitiesofSpenser’spoetryare:
aperfectmelody;araresenseofbeauty;asplendidimagination;aloftymoralpurityandseriousness;adedicatedidealism.
6.4Spenserstanza:
astanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambic(短长格)pentameter(五步格诗),andthelastlineiniambichexameter(六步格的诗),rhymingABABBCBBCC.
7.ChristopherMarlowe(克里斯托夫•马洛)
7.1Heisamanofletters,playwright,anddramatist.HeispraisedasUniversityWits.
7.2HisthemostimportantplaysareTamburlaine(帖木耳大帝),Dr.Faustus(浮士德博士的悲剧),andTheJewofMalta(马耳他的犹太人).Thecharacterfeatureofhisworksisusuallypassionateandenergetic.Tamburlainefocusesthepower.Thedominantmoral(meaning/message)ofDr.Faustusishumanratherthanreligious.Thethemeistocelebratethehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorder.
7.3Hisgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverse(素体诗:
不押韵,iambic,pentameter).Heemployedhyperbole(夸张法)ashismajorfigureofspeechtoachievetheblankversewithmightylines.HissecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.
7.4ThegeneralcharacteristicsofMarlowe’sheroes:
suchaheroisalwaysindividualistic(个人主义的)andfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe’shumanisticidealofhumandignityandcapacity.Heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.
8.WilliamShakespeare(威廉•莎士比亚)
8.1Heisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.Hecreates38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.
8.2Thefirstperiodofhisdramaticcareerwasoneofapprenticeship,hewrotefivehistoryplays:
HenryVI,PartsI,IIandIII,(亨利六世,第一卷,第二卷,第三卷),RichardIII(理查德三世)andTitusAndronicus(泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯);andfourcomedies:
TheComedyofErrors(错误的喜剧),TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(维洛那二绅士),TheTamingoftheShrew(驯悍记),andLove’sLabor’sLost(爱的徒劳).
8.3Inthesecondperiod,hewrotefivehistories:
RichardII(理查德二世),KingJohn(约翰王),HenryIV,PartIandII(亨利四世第一卷,第二卷)andHenryV(亨利五世);sixcomedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream(仲夏夜之梦),TheMerchantofVenice(威尼斯商人),MuchAdoAboutNothing,(无事生非)AsYouLikeIt(皆大欢喜),TwelfthNight(第十二夜),andTheMerryWivesofWindsor(温莎的风流娘们);twotragedies:
RomeoandJuliet(罗密欧与朱丽叶)andJuliusCaesar(裘力斯•凯撒).
8.4Histhirdperiodincludeshisgreatesttragedies:
Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),KingLear(李尔王),Macbeth(麦克白),AntonyandCleopatra(安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉),TroilusandCressida(特洛埃勒斯与克蕾雪达)andCoriolanus(考利欧雷诺斯);andhisso-calleddarkcomedies:
All’sWellThatEndsWell(终成眷属)andMeasureforMeasure(一报还一报).
8.5Thelastperiodofhisworkincludeshisprincipalromantictragicomedies:
Pericles(伯利克里),Cymbeline(辛白林),TheWinter’sTale(冬天的故事)andTheTempest(暴风雨);andhistwofinalplays:
HenryVIII(亨利八世)andTheTwoNobleKinsmen(两位贵族亲戚).
8.6ShakespearewriteshissonnetsinthepopularEnglishform,firstfullydevelopedbySurrey,ofthreequatrains(四行诗)andacouplet(对句).Thecoupletusuallytiesthesonnettooneofthegeneralthemesoftheseries,leavingthequatrainsfreetodevelopthepoeticintensitywhichmakestheseparatesonnetsmemorable.
8.7Shakespeare’sgreatesttragediesare:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon:
1).Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.2).Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:
Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforces;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreachery(背叛)andinfidelity(失真);andMacbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessant(不断的)crimes.
8.8ForHamlet,heisinamoodofworld-weariness.Hehasnoneofthesingle-mindedbloodlustoftheearlierrevengersbecausethecastofhismindissospeculative,soquestioning,andsocontemplative(祈祷的).(soliloquy独白,monologues)
8.9ShakespearehasacceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbecombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.HehasclaimedthroughthemouthofHamletthatthe‘end’(purpose)ofdramaticcreationistogivefaithfulreflectionofthesocialrealitiesofthetime.Healsostatesthatliteraryworkswhichhavetrulyreflectednatureandrealitycanreachimmortality(theimmortalityofpoetry).
8.10 Techniques:
soliloquy(Hamlet);psycho-analyticalapproach;ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation,whichmakesthecharacterswhoareignorantofthetruthdocertainridiculousthings;disguise.
9.FrancisBacon(弗兰西斯•培根)
9.1HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.Philosophyworks:
TheadvancementofLearning(学术的进展).LiteraryworksisEssays(论文集).
9.2NovumOrganum(新工具)isasuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology,whichisthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon’sintellect.Theargumentisfortheuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudy.InBacon’ssecondbook,hesuggeststheinductivereasoning(归纳推理),i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral,inplaceoftheAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning(演绎推理),i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular.
9.3Montaigne(蒙泰涅),thefirstgreatmodernessayist,isthepredecessorofBacon.
9.4Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity(简洁),compactness(紧凑)andpowerfulness.YetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.Thesentencesinthefirsteditionarechargedandcrowdedwithsymmetries.Theyarecomposedinaratheraffectedway.However,thefinaleditionnotonlyenlargestherangeoftheme,butalsobringsforththelooserandmorepersuasivestyle.Theessaysarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandcadence.
10. JohnDonne(约翰•邓恩)
10.1 ‘Metaphysicalpoetry’(玄学派诗)iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfl
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