日常生活中如何写出得体的书信.docx
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日常生活中如何写出得体的书信.docx
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日常生活中如何写出得体的书信
日常生活中如何写出得体的书信
书信是日常生活中常用的文体,是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。
书信一般可分为商务信件或公函和私人信件两大类。
值得注意的是,英语书信的写法与汉语书信有一些明显区别,应特别加以区分。
英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分:
信端、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、再启等。
下面我们将逐个进行介绍。
写作技巧
日常要处理许多信件电邮,因而运用英语上不得不留神,以下有一些个人意见,也参考了一些书本,希望大家有所得益。
A.文法上
1.切忌主客不分或模糊。
例子:
Decidingtorescindtheearlierestimate,ourreportwasupdatedtoinclude$40,000fornewequipment.”
应改为:
Decidingtorescindourearlierestimate,wehaveupdatedourreporttoinclude$40,000fornewequipment.
2.句子不要凌碎。
例子:
Hedecidednottoauditthelasttencontracts.Becauseofourpreviousobjectionsaboutcompliance.应该连在一起。
3.结构对称,令人容易理解。
例子:
Theownerquestionedtheoccupant'sleaseintentionsandthefactthatthecontracthadbeenalteredwithinkmarkings.
应改为:
Theownerquestionedtheoccupant'sleaseintentionsandinkalterationsofthecontract.
4.单众数不要搞乱,不然会好刺眼,看不舒服。
例如:
Anauthorizedpersonmustshowthattheyhavesecurityclearance.
5.动词主词要呼应。
想想这两个分别:
isoneofthepublic-relationsfunctionsthatisunderbudgeted.2.Thisisoneofthepublic-relationsfunctions,whichareunderbudgeted.
6.时态和语气不要转变太多。
看商务英语已经是苦事,不要浪费人家的精力啊。
7.标点要准确。
例如:
Hedidnotmakerepairs,however,hecontinuedtomonitortheequipment.
改为:
Hedidnotmakerepairs;however,hecontinuedtomonitortheequipment.
8.选词正确。
好像affect和effect,operative和operational等等就要弄清楚才好用啦。
9.拼字正确。
有电脑拼字检查功能后,就更加不能偷懒。
10.大小写要注意。
非必要不要整个字都是大写,除非要骂人。
例如:
MUSTchangetoOSimmediately.外国人就觉得不礼貌和喝令人一样。
要强调的话,用底线,斜字,粗体就可以了。
B.文体
1.可读性。
对象是大学程度的话,用高中的英文就行,不要以为人人都是语言大师。
多用短句(15-20字吧),技术性的字,就更加要简单易明。
2.注意段落的开头。
一般来说,重要或强调的事情都放在信件或段落的开头,而句子就放在最尾。
例如:
hewasunabletoattendthemeetingpersonally,heforwardedhiscongratulationsoncassettetape.
forwardedhiscongratulationsoncassettetapebecausehewasunabletoattendthemeetingpersonally.
两者强调的事情就有分别了。
3.轻重有分。
同等重要的用and来连接,较轻放在次要的句子里。
4.意思转接词要留神。
例如:
but(相反),therefore(结论),also(增添),forexample(阐明)。
分不清furthermore和moreover就不要用啦。
5.句子开头不要含糊不清的主词。
例子:
Thesedecisionshavebeenabigdisappointmenttothecommitteemembers.Theyhavedelayedfurtheraction.
They是指什么呀?
开头少用this,that,it,they,或which.
6.修饰词的位置要小心。
例如:
HecouldonlyreimbursethecostafterJuly15.
应为HecouldreimbursethecostonlyafterJuly15.
7.用语要肯定准确,切忌含糊。
例如:
Thefiguresshowasignificantincrease.
改为:
Thefiguresshowanincreaseof19%.
8.立场观点一致,少用被动语。
例如:
PartialdatashouldbesubmittedbyApril.
改为:
YoushouldsubmitpartialdatabyApril.就很好了。
Chapter24:
WritingaParagraph:
FocusonCoherenceandUnity
Thelastchapterdiscussedtheimportanceofusinggoodgrammarandgoodwordchoiceinyourwriting.However,themostgrammaticallyperfectparagraphwillnotreceiveagoodgradeifitispoorlyorganizedandnotfocusedonacentralidea.Theparagraphmusthaveunityandcoherence.Theseideaswerediscussedbrieflyinchapter22,butinthischapterwewillexploreunityandcoherencemorefullysothatyoucanlearnhowtheseelementsimpactyourwriting.
AsyoulearnedinChapter22,coherenceiswhetherornotwhatyouwritemakessenseandwhetherornottheideasarearrangedinalogicalmanner.Ifideasareoutoforderinwriting,thenthereaderhasaverydifficulttimetryingtounderstandyourpoint.Asaresultthereaderwillloseinterestandyouwillnotbeabletoconveyyourpoint.
Unityisequallyimportant.Unitymeansthatyourwritingstickstoonepointatatime.Whenyoumixandmatchideasinwritingjumpingfromoneideatothenextandbackagain,thereaderhasahardtimefollowingyou.Inevitably,thereaderwillnotunderstandyourpointandwilleventuallyloseinterest.Thischapterexploreswaystohelpyoumakecertainthatyourwritingisbothcoherentandunified.
Chapter21:
WritingaParagraph:
DevisingaPlan--Outline
Onceyouhavegeneratedatopicsentenceandthedetailstosupportthattopicsentence,itistimetoorganizeyourideas.Byorganizingyourideasyouwillcreateaclearpictureofthestructureofyourparagraph.Themostefficientwaytoorganizeideasistooutlinethem.Withtheaidofanoutlineyouwillbeabletodecideifyouhaveenoughsupportingideasforyourtopicsentenceandyouwillbeabletoeliminatethosedetailsthatdonotsupportyourtopicsentence.Theoutlinewillalsoletyoutestvariousmethodsoforganizationtodecidewhichonesuitsyourtopicsentencethebestandletyoutesttheplacementofyourtopicsentencewithintheparagraphtoseewhereitwillhavethegreatestimpactonthereader.Withtheuseofanoutlineyoushouldbeabletocreateorganized,coherent,unified,well-supportedparagraphs.
Chapter23:
WritingaParagraph:
Polishing,Proofreading,andPreparingFinalCopy?
FinalLines
Thelaststepinthewritingprocessisproofreading.Afteryouhavefinisheddevelopingandsupportingyourideasandafteryouhavecheckedtheorganization,itistimetoputthefinishingtouchesonyourparagraph.Asyourlaststepyouneedtocheckthespelling,punctuation,mechanics,andwordchoiceofyourparagraphaswellaschecktobecertainyouhaveaconcludingstatement.Youcannotcheckallofthesethingsinonereadingsoyoushouldbreakthetaskintosections.First,checkthepunctuationandmechanicsofyourparagraphs.Thismeansyouaremakingsureyoudon'thaveerrorslikecommasplicesorfragments.Youarealsomakingsureyouputquestionmarksattheendsofquestionsandperiodsattheendsofstatements.
Thenextstepistocheckyourwordchoiceandspelling.Youwanttobesurethatyouhaveusedthecorrectwordsforyourintendedmeaning,soyouwanttobesurethatyouhaven'tusedatwowhenyouneedatoo.Besuretodoublecheckthespellingofanywordyouoftenmisspellandlookupanywordyouareunsureof.Ifyouarewordprocessing,usethespellcheckonyourcomputertohelpyouwithyourpossiblespellingmistakes.
Chapter26:
WritingfromReading
Thefirststepwhenyouwritefromwhatyoureadistobesureyouunderstandwhatyouhaveread.Toensureyourunderstanding,youshouldbeanactivereader.Thismeansthatyoushouldreadmorethanoncewithadifferentpurposeeachtime,youshouldaskquestionsbefore,during,andafteryouread,andyoushouldmakenotesasyouread.
Onceyouhavereadactively,youwillbepreparedtowriteinanumberofdifferentways.Youwillbeabletosummarizewhatyouhaveread.Thatmeansyouareaccuratelyre-tellingtheauthor'smainideasinyourownwords.Asummaryalsogivesthemajorsupportingdetailstheauthorhasusedtosupportthemainideas.Onceagainthough,summariesarewritteninYOURwordsnottheauthor'swords.
Anothermethodofwritingaboutwhatyouhavereadistorespondtothereading.Whenyourespondtoareading,youpickoutaparticularpointorideathattheauthorhasmadeandthenbrainstormtodevelopyourownideasbasedontheauthor'sthought.Unlikesummarizing,youaregeneratingyourownideasbasedontheauthor'soriginalthought.
Ratherthangeneratinganewidea,youmayalsochoosetorespondtoanideainthereading.Youmayagreeordisagreewithapointtheauthorhasmade.Inyourwriting,youwillexplainwhyyouagreeordisagreewiththatpoint.Onceagain,youarecomingupwithyourownreasoningandyourownwordinginresponsetosomethingyouhaveread.
Aparticulartypeofwritingyouwillberequiredtodoiswritinganswerstoessaytests.Essaytestquestionsoftenaskyoutoreadmaterialandtheneithersummarizethematerialorrespondtoitinaparticularway.Theonethingthatmakesessaytestwritingdifferentfromotherwritingsituationsisthetimelimit.Inatestingsituationyouwillcarefullymonitoryouruseoftimeandyouwon'tputallofthepolishingtouchesinthatyouwouldifyouhadunlimitedtimetocompletethewriting.
Thesearesomeofthewaysyoucantiethematerialthatyoureadtothematerialyouwrite.Youwillfindthatifyoufollowtheadvicegiveninthischapterthatyouwillneverbeatalossforatopictowriteabout.
Chapter25:
WritingaParagraph:
FocusonSupportandDetails
Inthischapteryouwillstudytheimportanceofbeingspecificinthedetailsyouusetosupportanidea.Whenyouwriteinvague,generalterms,youleavethereadertointerpretwhatyoumeanandoftenthereaderwillnothaveenoughinformationtoaccuratelydothat.Youmustbeclearinyourmeaningsothatanyonewhoreadsyourworkunderstandsexactlywhatyouwanthimtounderstand.
Itisequallyimportantthatyouprovideenoughinformationtosupportyourideas.Generallyyouneed3to5examplesperideatobesureyou'vegivensufficientsupport.Thebestwaytodevelopsupportistoaskyourselfquestionsaboutyourideas.Youcanevaluatethesupportateachstageofthewritingprocess.Muchoftheworkthatyoudointheroughlineseditingisevaluatingsupportandaskingquestionstobesureyouhavesaidenoughtoclearlycommunicateyourideastoyouraudience.
Onceyouhavegatheredtogetherasmanydetailsasyouthinkyouneed,youthenorganizethemwitharoughoutline.Thisgivesyouanotheropportunitytocheckforsufficientsupport.Doeseachsectionoftheoutlineseemdeveloped?
Istheremorethanonedetailforeachsection?
Haveyouusedspecificratherthangeneralwordsasyou'veoutlined?
Atthispointyoudouble-checkthetopicsentencetobesureitcoversallyourdetails.Alwaysrememberthatthemoredetailsyouputintheoutlinethemoredetailswillmakeitintoyourparagraph.
Ifyouareatalossfordetails,tryturningtoyoursenses.Askingquestionsabouthowsomethinglooks,feels,tastes,smells,andsoundscanprovideyouwithplentyofdetails.Whenyouaredescribinganev
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