Applied Linguistics and its research methods应用语言学研究方法.docx
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Applied Linguistics and its research methods应用语言学研究方法.docx
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AppliedLinguisticsanditsresearchmethods应用语言学研究方法
AppliedLinguisticsanditsresearchmethods
⏹I.CourseOverview
⏹Ⅱ.TypesofResearchinFLLandFLT
⏹Ⅲ.HowtoSelectaTopicforResearch
⏹Ⅳ.SomeProceduresforDatacollection
⏹Ⅴ.Survey
⏹Ⅵ.Classroomobservationandcasestudies
⏹Ⅶ.ExperimentMethod
⏹Ⅷ.DataAnalysis
⏹Ⅸ.DoingResearch
I.CourseOverview
1.CourseName:
ResearchMethodsinForeignLanguageLearningandTeaching
2.Whythiscourse?
1)ProblemsfoundinthecontributionstothekeyjournalsofFLT
2)ApreparatorycourseforB.A.thesiswriting
3.CourseObjectives:
1)TohelplearnersunderstandresearchinFLLandFLTsothattheycanviewitcritically
2)Totrainthelearnertobecomeeducationalresearchers
4.CourseMaterials:
1)Required
①Nunan,D.1992.ResearchMethodsinLanguageLearning.CUP.
②刘润清,1999.外语教学中的科研方法.北京:
外语教学与研究出版社
③何广铿,2002.英语教学研究:
理论和实践.广州:
高等教育出
④PapersfromJournals.
2)Recommended
⏹Brown,J.D.1988.UnderstandingResearchinSecondLanguageLearning.CUP.
⏹Wallace,M.J1998.ActionResearchforLanguageTeachers.CUP.
⏹林连书.2001.应用语言学实验方法,广州:
中山大学出版社.
⏹马广惠,2003.外国语言学及应用语言学统计方法.西安:
西北农林科技大学出版社.
5.Requirements:
1)Reading2)Classdiscussion3)Classroomexam(writeareviewarticle)
6.MethodsfortheCourse:
1)Reading2)Discussion3)Reporting4)Lecturing
Ⅱ.TypesofResearchinFLLandFLT
1.L1,L2andFL
2.Whatisresearch?
1)Richardsetal’sdefinition:
⏹thestudyofanevent,problemorphenomenonusingsystematicandobjectivemethods,inordertounderstanditbetterandtodevelopprinciplesandtheoriesaboutit.
2)Nunan’sdefinition:
⏹asystematicprocessofinquiryconsistingofthreeelementsorcomponents:
(1)aquestion,problem,orhypothesis,
(2)data,(3)analysisandinterpretationofdata.
3.ResearchinFLLandFLT
⏹SystematicprocessofinquiryintotheproblemsofFLTandFLL.Itconsists3components,i.e.problems,questionsorhypotheses;data;andanalysisandinterpretationofdata.
4.TypesofResearchinFLLandFLT
1)Qualitativevsquantitative何广铿P.85表5-1
定性方法和定量方法比较
定性方法
定量方法
1.自然观察
2.现象学观点:
“站在活动者本人的角度去了解人类行为。
”
3.归纳
4.综合
5.描述性
6.操纵和控制
7.逻辑实证主义观点:
“对社会现象事实和原因的了解无需考虑个人的主观状态。
”
8.演绎
9.分析
10.推断性
(引自:
桂诗春,宁春岩1997)
Qualitativevsquantitative
Qualitativeresearch
Quantitativeresearch
1.Naturalisticanduncontrolledobservation
2.Concernedwithunderstandinghumanbehaviourfromtheactor’sownframeofreference
3.inductive
4.synthetic
5.descriptive
1.Obtrusiveandcontrolledmeasurement
2.Seeksfactsorcausesofsocialphenomenawithoutregardtothesubjectivestatesoftheindividuals
3.deductive
4.analytic
5.inferential
2)Chaudron’sclassification
(1)Psychometric(experimental)
⏹Psychometricinvestigationsseektodeterminelanguagegainsfromdifferentmethodsandmaterialsthroughtheuseofthe‘experimentalmethod’
(2)Interactionanalysis
⏹Interactionanalysisinclassroomsettingsinvestigatessuchrelationshipsastheextenttowhichlearnerbehaviourisafunctionofteacher-determinedinteraction,andutilizesvariousobservationsystemsandschedulesforcodingclassroominteractions.
(3)Discourseanalysis
⏹Discourseanalysisanalysesclassroomdiscourseinlinguistictermsthroughthestudyofclassroomtranscriptswhichtypicallyassignutterancestopredeterminedcategories.
(4)Ethnography
⏹Ethnographyseekstoobtaininsightsintotheclassroomasaculturalsystemthroughnaturalistic,‘uncontrolled’observationanddescription.
A.Casestudy
3)Brown’s
(1)Primarya.Survey
classificationB.Statistical
(2)Secondaryb.Experimental
Secondaryresearch—kindofresearchbasedonsecondarysources(e.g.books,paperaboutlg.learningwrittenbyotherscholars).
⏹Primaryresearch—researchderivedfromtheprimarysource.
4)Actionresearch
Actionresearchisaformofself-reflectiveenquiryundertakenbyparticipantsinsocial(includingeducationalsituationsinordertoimprovetherationalityandjusticeof
a.theirownsocialoreducationalpractices
b.theirunderstandingofthesepractices,and
c.thesituations(andinstitutions)inwhichthesepracticesarecarriedout.(Kemmis&Taggart,1982:
5)
5.Typesofresearchinthiscourse
1)Observation
(1)Openobservation
(2)Participantobservation
2)Survey
(1)Interview
(2)Questionnaire
3)Casestudy
4)Experimental
(1)Singlegroupdesigns
(2)Designusingcontrolgroups
5)Actionresearch
Ⅲ.HowtoSelectaTopicforResearch
1.Sourcesforgeneralquestions
1)Fromone’sexperienceandinterests
(1)Rubin’sandStern’sResearch
⏹Certainpeopleappearedtobeendowedwithabilitiestosucceed,otherslackedthoseabilities.ThisobservationledRubin(1975)andStern(1975)todescribe“good”languagelearnersintermsofpersonalcharacteristics,styles,andstrategies.Rubin(RubinandThompson1982)latersummarizedfourteensuchcharacteristics.Goodlanguagelearners
①findtheirownway,takingchargeoftheirlearning.
②organizeinformationaboutlanguage.
③arecreative,developinga“feel”forthelanguagebyexperimentingwithitsgrammarandwords.
④maketheirownopportunitiesforpracticeinusingthelanguageinsideandoutsidetheclassroom.
⑤learntolivewithuncertaintybynotgettingflusteredandbycontinuingtotalkorlistenwithoutunderstandingeveryword.
⑥usemnemonicsandothermemorystrategiestorecallwhathasbeenlearned.
⑦makeerrorsworkforthemandnotagainstthem.
⑧uselinguisticknowledge,includingknowledgeoftheirfirstlanguage,inlearningasecondlanguage.
⑨usecontextualcuestohelpthemincomprehension.
⑩learntomakeintelligentguesses…
(2)Bailey’sResearch(SandSp.47)
⏹Bailey(1983)recordedinadiaryherownexperiencesoflearningFrenchasaforeignlanguage.Shenoticedevidenceofcompetitivenessandanxietyinherwriting,whichraisedquestionsinhermindaboutwhethersuchfeelingswerefacilitativeornot.Shethenrelatedtheseexperiencestootherliteraturedealingwithcompetitivenessandanxietyinsecondlanguagelearning.Teachers,similarly,maywishtokeepdiariesofthingsobservedinalanguagelessonorofanystudentbehaviorsthatseemtohavesomeeffectonlanguagelearning.
(3)WangQiang王蔷等(2001,2002)
(4)YangYang&PengJinxiu杨阳、彭锦秀(2004)
2.ConsiderationsinSelectingtopics
1)Youshouldhaveapersonalinterestinthetopicyouselect.
2)ThetopicshouldbeimportantandshouldmakeadifferenceinsomeaspectofAl.
3)Itismoreexcitingtoexploretopicsthatmayleadtonewinformation.
4)Youhaveenoughtimetocompletethetopic.
5)Thedifficultyofthetopicshouldbeconsidered.
2)Fromother’sresearch
(1)QiLuXia’sresearch(亓鲁霞的研究)
(2)NieYuehua聂越华(2004)(3)FengJing冯晶(2005)
3.Topicselectionbyliteraturereviewandanalysisoffeasibility
1)Reviewallpossibleliterature
(1)FunctionsofLR
⏹ThefunctionofLR.istoprovidebackgroundinformationontheresearchquestions,andtoidentifywhatothershavesaidand/ordiscoveredaboutthequestionsothatyourcut-offpointisclear.
(2)Placesforsourcesofinformation
A.Scholarlybooks(e.g.Celce-Murcia,2001)
B.Keyjournals(e.g.AppliedLinguistics,外语教学与研究,中小学外语教学)
2)Raisequestionsaboutthefeasibility
(1)Howcantheanswertothegeneralquestionbefound?
Whatdoesitentail?
Willfindingtheanswernecessitatesettingupanexperiment?
Willitrequirethedevelopmentofatestorasurveyquestionnaire?
(2)Doestheresearcherhavetheprerequisitebackgroundknowledgetoinvestigatethequestion?
Isaknowledgeoflinguisticsorsociolinguisticsnecessary?
Howmuchstatisticalanalysisappearstobeinvolved?
Willsomeonewithmoreexpertiseberequired?
Ifthestudyistoberelatedtootherperipheralareas,howmuchresearchshouldbedonebeforeproceedingtothenextphase?
(3)Arethetermsandconceptsusedintheformulationofthegeneralquestiondefinedclearlyandconsistently?
Aretheconceptsandtermsusedinawaythatisconsistentwithhowotherresearchershaveusedthem?
(4)Whatlogisticalandpracticalproblemscanbeanticipated?
Ifthegeneralquestionasksaboutthelanguageacquisitionofchildrenoradults,willtheresearcherhaveaccesstothenumberofsubjectsrequiredtoinvestigatethequestion?
Isitnecessary,willtherebeaccesstocomputertimeandassistance?
WilltheresearcherneedtobetrainedintheuseofcomputerstatisticalanalysissuchasSPSSorSAS?
Ⅳ.SomeProceduresinDataCollection
1.SubjectSelection2.ExtraneousVariablesControl
3.HypothesisFormulation4.ExperimentalandcontrolgroupSetting-up
1.SubjectSelection
1)Subject:
anindividualwhoisstudiedinaresearchproject.
2)PopulationandSamples
①Population
⏹anysetofitemsorindividualsetc.whichsharesomecommonandobservablecharacteristicswhichasamplecanbetaken.
②Sample:
⏹anygroupofindividualswhichisselectedtorepresentapopulation.
③Sampling:
theprocedureofselectingasample
A.simplerandomsampling.
⏹Inthesimplerandomsampling,alltheindividualsofthedefinedpopulationhaveanequalandindependentchanceofbeingselectedasamemberofthesample.Independentmeanstheselectionofoneindividualdoesnotaffectinanywaytheselectionofanyotherindividual.
⏹Wemayusedifferentprocedurestodothise.g.usingtherandomnumbertable.
B.Systematicsampling
⏹Itisusedtoobtainasamplefromadefinedpopulation.Thistechniquecanbeusedifallmembersinadefinedpopulationhavealreadybeenplacedonalistinrandomorder.
⏹Forexample,wewanttoselect100pupilsfrom10
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