rhetoric devicejsp.docx
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rhetoric devicejsp.docx
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rhetoricdevicejsp
RHETORICDEVICES
APrefaceofQuotations
Whoeverdesiresforhiswritingsorhimself,whatnonecanreasonablycondemn,thefavorofmankind,mustaddgracetostrength,andmakehisthoughtsagreeableaswellasuseful.Manycomplainofneglectwhonevertriedtoattractregard.Itcannotbeexpectedthatthepatronsofscienceorvirtueshouldbesolicitoustodiscoverexcellencieswhichtheywhopossessthemshadeanddisguise.Fewhaveabilitiessomuchneededbytherestoftheworldastobecaressedontheirownterms;andhethatwillnotcondescendtorecommendhimselfbyexternalembellishmentsmustsubmittothefateofjustsentimentsmeanlyexpressed,andberidiculedandforgottenbeforeheisunderstood.--SamuelJohnson
Menmustbetaughtasifyoutaughtthemnot;Andthingsunknownpropos'dasthingsforgot.--AlexanderPope
Styleinpaintingisthesameasinwriting,apowerovermaterials,whetherwordsorcolors,bywhichconceptionsorsentimentsareconveyed.--SirJoshuaReynolds
Whereas,ifaftersomepreparatorygroundsofspeechbytheircertainformsgotintomemory,theywereledtothepraxisthereofinsomechosenshortbooklessonedthoroughlytothem,theymightthenforthwithproceedtolearnthesubstanceofgoodthings,andartsindueorder,whichwouldbringthewholelanguagequicklyintotheirpower.--JohnMilton
Introduction
Goodwritingdependsuponmorethanmakingacollectionofstatementsworthyofbelief,becausewritingisintendedtobereadbyothers,withmindsdifferentfromyourown.Yourreaderdoesnotmakethesamementalconnectionsyoumake;hedoesnotseetheworldexactlyasyouseeit;heisalreadyfloodeddailywiththousandsofstatementsdemandingassent,yetwhichheknowsorbelievestobefalse,confused,ordeceptive.Ifyourwritingistogetthroughtohim--oreventobereadandconsideredatall--itmustbeinteresting,clear,persuasive,andmemorable,sothathewillpayattentionto,understand,believe,andremembertheideasitcommunicates.Tofulfilltheserequirementssuccessfully,yourworkmusthaveanappropriateandclearthesis,sufficientargumentsandreasonssupportingthethesis,alogicalandprogressivearrangement,and,importantly,aneffectivestyle.
Whilestyleisprobablybestlearnedthroughwidereading,comprehensiveanalysisandthoroughpractice,muchcanbediscoveredabouteffectivewritingthroughthestudyofsomeofthecommonandtraditionaldevicesofstyleandarrangement.Bylearning,practicing,altering,andperfectingthem,andbytestingtheireffectsandnuancesforyourself,thesedeviceswillhelpyoutoexpressyourselfbetterandalsoteachyoutoseetheinterrelatednessofformandmeaning,andthepsychologyofsyntax,metaphor,anddictionbothinyourownwritingandintheworksofothers.
Therhetoricaldevicespresentedheregenerallyfallintothreecategories:
thoseinvolvingemphasis,association,clarification,andfocus;thoseinvolvingphysicalorganization,transition,anddispositionorarrangement;andthoseinvolvingdecorationandvariety.Sometimesagivendeviceortropewillfallmainlyintoasinglecategory,asforexampleanexpletiveisusedmostlyforemphasis;butmoreoftentheeffectsofaparticulardevicearemultiple,andasingleonemayoperateinallthreecategories.Parallelism,forinstance,helpstoorder,clarify,emphasize,andbeautifyathought.Occasionallyadevicehascertaineffectsnotreadilyidentifiableorexplainable,soIhavenotalwaysbeenabletosaywhyorwhencertainonesaregoodorshouldbeused.Myrecommendationistopracticethemallanddevelopthatsenseinyourselfwhichwilltellyouwhenandhowtousethem.
Lotsofpracticeandexperimentationarenecessarybeforeyouwillfeelreallycomfortablewiththesedevices,buttoomuchpracticeinasinglepaperwillmostassuredlybedisastrous.Ajournalornotebookisthebestplacetoexperiment;whenadevicebecomessecondnaturetoyou,andwhenitnolongerappearsfalseoraffected--whenindeeditbecomesgenuinelybuiltintoyourwritingratherthanaddedon--thenitmaymakeitsformalappearanceinapaper.Rememberthatrhetoricaldevicesareaidstowritingandnotendsofwriting;youhavenoobligationtotossoneintoeveryparagraph.Further,ifusedcarelesslyorexcessivelyortoofrequently,almostanyoneofthesedeviceswillprobablyseemaffected,dull,awkward,ormechanical.Butwithalittlecareandskill,developedbypractice,anyonecanmasterthem,andtheirusewilladdnotjustbeautyandemphasisandeffectivenesstoyourwriting,butakindoffreedomofthoughtandexpressionyouneverimaginedpossible.
Practicethese;trythemout.Donotworryiftheysometimesringfalseatfirst.Playwiththem--learntomanipulateandcontrolyourwordsandideas--andeventuallyyouwillmastertheartofaggressiveinstruction:
keepingthereaderfocusedwithanaphora,emphasizingapointwithanexpletive,explainingtohimwithametaphororsimile,organizingyourworkinhismindwithmetabasis,answeringhisquerieswithhypophoraorprocatalepsis,balancingpossibilitieswithantithesis.Youwillalsohavegonealongwaytowardfulfillingthefourrequirementsmentionedatthebeginning:
thedevicesofdecorationandvarietywillhelpmakeyourreaderpayattention,thedevicesoforganizationandclarificationwillhelphimunderstandyourpoints,thedevicesofassociationandsomelikeprocatalepsiswillhelphimbelieveyou,andthedevicesofemphasis,association,beauty,andorganizationwillhelphimremember.
RhetoricalDevices
1. Expletiveisasinglewordorshortphrase,usuallyinterruptingnormalsyntax,usedtolendemphasistothewordsimmediatelyproximatetotheexpletive.(Weemphasizethewordsoneachsideofapauseorinterruptioninordertomaintaincontinuityofthethought.)Compare:
∙ButthelakewasnotdrainedbeforeApril.
∙Butthelakewasnot,infact,drainedbeforeApril.
Expletivesaremostfrequentlyplacednearthebeginningofasentence,whereimportantmaterialhasbeenplaced:
∙Alltruthisnot,indeed,ofequalimportance;butiflittleviolationsareallowed,everyviolationwillintimebethoughtlittle.--SamuelJohnson
Butsometimestheyareplacedattheverybeginningofasentence,therebyservingassignalsthatthewholesentenceisespeciallyimportant.Insuchcasesthesentenceshouldbekeptasshortaspossible:
∙Inshort,thecobblerhadneglectedhissoul.
∙Indeed,thewaterIgivehimwillbecomeinhimaspringofwaterwellinguptoeternallife.--John4:
14(NIV)
Ortheauthormayshowthathedoesnotintendtounderemphasizeanobjectionorargumentherejects:
∙Tobesure,noonedesirestoliveinafoulanddisgustingenvironment.Butneitherdowewanttodesertourcities.
Inafewinstances,especiallywithshortsentences,theexpletivecanbeplacedlast:
∙Itwasahotdayindeed.
∙Haroldwon,ofcourse.
Acommonpracticeissettingofftheexpletivebycommas,whichincreasestheemphasisonthesurroundingwords,thoughinmanycasesthecommasarenecessaryforclarityaswellandcannotbeomitted.Notehowtheexpletiveitselfisalsoemphasized:
∙Hewithoutdoubtcanbetrustedwithacookie.
∙He,withoutdoubt,canbetrustedwithacookie.
Anexpletivecanemphasizeaphrase:
∙TheBradys,clearlyahappyfamily,liveinanoldhousewithsqueakyfloors.
Transitionalphrases,accostives,someadverbs,andotherinterrupterscanbeusedforemphasizingportionsofsentences,andthereforefunctionaskindsofquasi-expletivesinthosecircumstances.
∙Wefindafewpeople,however,unwillingtocome.
∙"Yourlastremark,"hesaid,"isimpertinent."
∙Thereisnothing,Sir,toolittleforsolittleacreatureasman.--SamuelJohnson
Someusefulexpletivesincludethefollowing:
infact,ofcourse,indeed,Ithink,withoutdoubt,tobesure,naturally,itseems,afterall,forallthat,inbrief,onthewhole,inshort,totellthetruth,inanyevent,clearly,Isuppose,Ihope,atleast,assuredly,certainly,remarkably,importantly,definitely.Informalwriting,avoidtheseandsimilarexpletives:
youknow,yousee,huh,getthis.Anditgoeswithoutsayingthatyoushouldavoidtheunprintableones.
2. Asyndetonconsistsofomittingconjunctionsbetweenwords,phrases,orclauses.Inalistofitems,asyndetongivestheeffectofunpremeditatedmultiplicity,ofanextemporaneousratherthanalaboredaccount:
∙Onhisreturnhereceivedmedals,honors,treasures,titles,fame.
Thelackofthe"and"conjunctiongivestheimpressionthatthelistisperhapsnotcomplete.Compare:
∙Shelikespickles,olives,raisins,dates,pretzels.
∙Shelikespickles,olives,raisins,dates,andpretzels.
Sometimesanasyndeticlistisusefulforthestronganddirectclimacticeffectithas,muchmoreemphaticthanifafinalconjunctionwereused.Compare:
∙Theyspentthedaywondering,searching,thinking,understanding.
∙Theyspentthedaywondering,searching,thinking,andunderstanding.
Incertaincases,theomissionofaconjunctionbetweenshortphrasesgivestheimpressionofsynonymitytothephrases,ormakesthelatterphraseappeartobeanafterthoughtorevenasubstitutefortheformer.Compare:
∙Hewasawinner,ahero.
∙Hewasawinnerandahero.
Noticealsothedegreeofspontaneitygrantedinsomecasesbyasyndeticusage."Themoist,rich,fertilesoil,"appearsmorenaturalandspontaneousthan"themoist,rich,andfertilesoil-"
Generally,asyndetonoffersthefeelingofspeedandconcisiontolistsandphrasesandclauses,butoccasionallytheeffectcannotbesoeasilycategorized.Considerthe"flavor"oftheseexa
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