浅析中美慈善文化差异On Differences and Causes between Chinese and American Charity culture.docx

浅析中美慈善文化差异On Differences and Causes between Chinese and American Charity culture.docx

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浅析中美慈善文化差异OnDifferencesandCausesbetweenChineseandAmericanCharityculture

毕业设计（论文）

设计（论文）题目：

OnDifferencesandCausesbetweenChineseandAmericanCharityCulture

浅析中美慈善文化差异及成因

学院名称：

XXXX

专业：

XXXX

班级：

XXXX

姓名：

XXX学号XXX

指导教师：

XXX职称XXX

定稿日期：

2011年05月05日

ABSTRACT

CharityhasbeenahitinChina.Asanessentialconstituentinsocialbenefits,charityfunctionsas“thethirddistribution”wheretheeffectsofcharityculturearelong-lastingandextensive.Therefore,moreandmorescholarstendtofocusonthedifferencesandcausesofcharityculturebetweenAmericaandChina,asAmericancharityisthemostadvancedwhichprovidesthesolidfoundationforsocialsecurity.However,Chinesecharitycultureisfarfromadaptingtotheneedsofdevelopingsocialistculturedespiteofitsimprovementinfaceofnaturaldisasters,aidedbythecharityentrepreneursrecently.ThehugegapbetweenAmericanandChinesecharitycultureisrootedindifferentcharityculture.ThustheresearchonthedifferencesandcausesonthisissuecontributestodrawingreasonableintelligenceandgettingbeneficialinspirationtoboostincreasingChinesecharity.

Thisthesismakesacomparativestudyfromtherespectofthedefinition,differences,historicaldevelopmentandcauses,focusingonthesummarizingtheformsandcharacteristicofcharitycultureinmajorgenerationsfromamacrodiachronicperspective,thuspresentingthesupplementarycorrelationbetweencharitycultureandphilanthropy.

摘要

在中国，慈善已然成为社会的焦点。

慈善事业是社会保障的重要组成部分，其基础作用被形象地称为“第三次分配”，而慈善文化对慈善事业的影响深远而广泛。

近年，越来越多学者将目光投向中美慈善事业的差异：

在美国，慈善事业已经十分发达，为社会保障提供了一定的物质基础，而中国的慈善文化远远不能适应我国社会主义文化发展的需要。

虽中国慈善事业近几年遇自然灾害之际及慈善企业家带动下有一定发展，但中美慈善事业的差距仍非常大，其根源在于中美不同的慈善文化环境。

无疑，有关中美慈善文化差异及成因的研究有助于我们从中汲取合理的思想资源，获取有益的启示，促进正在成长中的我国慈善事业蓬勃发展。

本文主要从慈善文化定义，差异，历史发展和成因方面对中美慈善文化进行比较研究，尤其是从宏观历时性的视角，梳理中美主要时期的慈善文化形态，并总结其各自发展特点，以期更全面的展示慈善文化与慈善事业相辅相成的关系。

KEYWORDS:

charityculture,AmericaandChinese,differences,causes

关键词：

慈善文化,中美,差异,成因

Contents

Introduction1

1.CharityCulture2

1.1DefinitionsofCharityCulture………………………………………………………….…2

1.2TheValueofCharityCulture……………………………………………………………...3

2.TheDifferencesofCharityCulture6

2.1FromtheAspectofCulture……………………………………………………………......6

2.2FromtheAspectofHistory………………………………………………………………..6

2.3FromtheAspectofBehavioralMotiveandPublicResponse……………………………..7

2.4FromtheAspectofBehavioralPracticesandPatterns……………………………………8

2.5FromtheAspectofEntityofActivity……………………………………………………..8

3.TheDevelopmentofCharityCulture9

3.1TheDevelopmentofAmericanCharityCulture…………………………………………..9

3.1.1CharityinAmerica9

3.1.2CharacteristicsofAmericanCharityCulture9

3.1.3ModernizationofAmericanCharityCulture--wealthview10

3.2TheDevelopmentofChineseCharityCulture…………………………………………...11

3.2.1CharacteristicsofAncientChineseCharityCulture11

3.2.2CharacteristicsofModernChineseCharityCulture11

3.2.3ContemporaryChineseCharityCulture14

4.CausesoftheCharityCulturalDifferences15

4.1DifferencesonThoughtsOrigins………………………………………………………...16

4.1.1ThoughtsOriginsofChineseCharityCulture--Confucian"Benevolence"15

4.1.2ThoughtsOriginsofAmericanCharityCulture--Christian“Philanthropy”15

4.2DifferencesonBackground………………………………………………………………17

4.2.1BackgroundofChineseCharityCulture16

4.2.2BackgroundofAmericanCharityCulture17

4.3DifferencesonBehavioralPatterns………………………………………………………19

4.3.1AmericanBehavioralPatterns18

4.3.2ChineseBehavioralPatterns18

Conclusion…19

Reference20

Acknowledgement21

Introduction

CharityhasbeenahittopicinChina.Asanessentialconstituentofsocialbenefits,charityfunctionsas“thethirdwayofdistribution”withitslong-lastingandextensiveeffects.Nowadays,moreandmorescholarstendtofocusonthedifferencesandcausesofcharityculturebetweenAmericaandChina.Americancharityisthemostadvancedoneanditscharitycultureservesasaasolidfoundationofsocialsecurity.Whereas,Chinesecharitycultureisfarfromadaptingtotheneedsofdevelopingsocialistculturedespiteofitsimprovementinfaceofnaturaldisasters,whichhasencouragedmanycharityactivities.However,thehugegapbetweenAmericanandChinesecharityisrootedinthedifferenceofcharityculture.Therefore,therelativeresearchonthedifferencesandcausesofcharityculturecontributestoinspiringpeopletoboostChinesecharity.

Thepaperisdividedintofourchapters:

Chaper1focusesonthedefinitionandvalueofcharityculture,makingacomparisonofdefinitionbetweenAmericanandChinese.

Chapter2touchesuponthedifferencesfromtheaspectsofhistory,behavioralmotive,behavioralpracticesandpatternsandentityofactivitywithanefforttolaythegroundworkforfurtherstudy.

Chapter3illustratesthedevelopmentofcharitycultureinAmericaandChinarespectivelyandtheircharacteristicsindifferentperiods.Thischaptertakesanattempttomakeadiachronicresearchofcharitydevelopmentfromamacroperspective.Particularly,theinfluenceofAndrewCarnegie’swealthviewonAmericanmoderncharitycultureisexplained..

Chapter4analyzesthecausesofthesedifferencesfromthreeaspects,namely,thoughtsorigins,backgroundandbehavioralpatterns.

1.CharityCulture

1.1DefinitionsofCharityCulture

1.1.1DefinitionofCharityCultureinBroadSense

Thedefinitionofcultureiscomplicatedwithnearlymorethan250versions.Overall,itconsistsofbroadcultureandnarrowcultureandIwouldliketodiscussitintheformersenseofwhichoneideais“cultureishumaneoriented”.Inthisperspective,cultureisviewedasnaturalextensionofideologyandbehavioralpatternataspecifictimeamonggeographicalpopulations,representingaspecificvaluesystemacquiredandobeyedbyhumanebeings.What’smore,asbroadcultureincludesfouraspects:

ideological,institutional,materialandbehavioralones,cultureisasystemofprinciplestoexplainandunderstandhumanebehaviors.Underdifferentnaturalenvironments,ithasevolvedintoOrientalcultureandWesterncultureandwithdifferentaspectsofhumanlife,intofashioncultureandcateringculture,etc.Inthesameway,charityculturewasdevelopedtohandlesocialrelationships.

Asasubsystemofbroadcultureandessentialcomponentofsocialculture,charitycultureadherestoculture’sgeneralcharacteristicswhilemaintainingitsownones.Thus,“charityculturecanbedescribedasthesumofalltheideology,institutionoflaw,institutionalframeworkandbehavioralactivitiesthatsupportsthedevelopmentofphilanthropy.“（孔润年,2004）.Inparticular,itincludesfourmainaspectsasfollowsbelow:

Firstly,fromtheideologicalsense,itmeansthevalueorientation,aestheticinterestsandthinkingmethodsfromhumanesocialandcognitiveactivities.Thecoreofcharitycultureisalsorelatedwithpeople’sattitudestowardswealthgained,thedegreestohowtheyconcernthevulnerablegroupsintheirsocietiesandcommentsandacceptanceoncharitybehaviorsinthewholesociety.

Secondly,fromtheinstitutionalsense,itreferstoallthesocialnormsandinstitutions.Theimportanceofcharitytocivicmoralconstructionhasbeenexplicitlyillustratedinthe“CivicMoralConstructionOutline”releasedbytheCPCCentralcommittees（2001,9）whichaimsatleadingpeopletodealwiththerelationshipbetweenindividualandsociety,firstrichandallrich,economicbenefitsandsocialones,etc.;advocatingrespecting,understandingandconcerningotherstopromotethesocialismhumanitarianism.Furthermore,thecontentofcharityculturehasbeenpreliminarilysketchedinsomelawsandregulations,suchas"DonationLaw",“lawofRedCrossSociety”,etc.

Thirdly,fromthematerialsense,itincludesallthematerialprogressmadebymeansofphilanthropy.

Fourthly,fromthebehavioralsense,itreferstothepeople’scustomsformedincommunicationaswellasthebehavioralpatternsintheformofcharitycustom,rulesoretiquette.Charitycultureisthecoherenceofpracticewhichinturnhelpguideandaffectthelatter.

Inoneword,thefouraspectsarecomplementarytoeachotherwiththecommonpursuitandversionofabetterlifewheresocialmoralsandresponsibilitiesarehighlyvalued,morewealthisgivenbacktosocietyintheprincipleofequityandharmony.

1.1.2DifferencesofDefinitionsofSino-USCharityCulture

There’sabigdifferenceinthedefinitionofcharityculture,ascanbevividlyseenintheexplanationsofthedictionaryandencyclopedia.

Chinesedefinitionofcharitycomesdirectlyfromtheancientconnotation,inwhich‘慈（ci）”meansthelovefromtheoldergenerationtogenerationwhile“善（shan）”meansthefraternityandinteractionbetweenpeople.“TheChineseDictionary“says:

charity（慈善）meanskindness,benevolenceandcompassion.However,inAmerica,twowords“charity”and“philanthropy”workingtogethertoformtheconcretedefinition.“TheMerriam-Webster”defines“charity”asbenevolentgoodwillorloveofhumanityorgenerosityandhelpfulnessespeciallytowardtheneedyorsuffering;also:

aidgiventothoseinneed;aninstitutionengagedinreliefofthepoor.“Philanthropy”meansgoodwilltofellowmembersofthehumanrace;especiallyactiveefforttopromotehumanwelfare.

What’smore,tothephilanthropy,“EncyclopediaofChina”explains:

socialundertakingsofgivingfinancialorgoodsassistanceorotherpracticalaidsinviewofcompassionorreligiousfaith…withfull-tastingreligionandsuperstition,aimingatgainingrewardsfordoinggood;philanthropyisalwaysseenasakindofalmsgiving…onlyservesasaprovisionalandnegativerelief…mu