Milgrams Obedience to Authority.docx
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Milgrams Obedience to Authority.docx
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MilgramsObediencetoAuthority
ObediencetoAuthority
TheexperimentbyStanleyMilgram
StanleyMilgram,apsychologistatYaleUniversity,conductedastudyfocusingontheconflictbetweenobediencetoauthorityandpersonalconscience.HeexaminedjustificationsforactsofgenocideofferedbythoseaccusedattheWorldWarII,NurembergWarCrimestrials.Theirdefenceoftenwasbasedon"obedience"--thattheywerejustobeyingorderswhilstundertheauthorityoftheirsuperiors.
TheexperimentbeganinJuly1961,ayearafterthetrialofAdolfEichmanninJerusalem.Milgramdevisedtheexperimenttoanswerthequestion"CoulditbethatEichmann,andhismillionaccomplicesintheHolocaustwerejustfollowingorders?
Couldwecallthemallaccomplices?
"
TheresultsofthestudyweremadeknowninMilgram'sObediencetoAuthority:
AnExperimentalView(1974).
So-called"teachers"(whowereactuallytheunknowingsubjectsoftheexperiment)wererecruitedbyMilgraminresponsetoanewspaperadoffering$4.50foronehour'swork.IndividualsubjectsthusrecruitedturneduptotakepartinaPsychologyexperimentinvestigatingmemoryandlearningatLinsly-ChittendenHallonYaleUniversity'soldcampus.Heorshewasintroducedtoasternlookingexperimenterinawhitecoatandtoaratherpleasantandfriendlyco-subjectwhowasalsopresumablyrecruitedviathenewspaperad.Theexperimenterexplainedthatonesubjectwouldbeassignedtheroleof"teacher"andtheotherwouldbeassignedtheroleof"learner."
Twoslipsofpapermarked"teacher"werehandedtothesubjectandtotheco-subject.Theco-subjectwasactuallyanactorwho,inposingasasubjecttotheexperiment,subsequentlyclaimedthathisslipsaid"learner"suchthattheunknowingsubjectwasinevitablyledtobelievethathisroleas"teacher"hadbeenchosenrandomly.
Bothlearnerandteacherwerethengivenasample45-voltelectricshockfromanapparatusattachedtoachairintowhichthe"actor-learner"wastobestrapped.Thefictitiousstorygiventothe"teachers"wasthattheexperimentwasintendedtoexploretheeffectsofpunishmentforincorrectresponsesonlearningbehavior.
Asuccessionofunknowingsubjectsintheirrolesasteacherweregivensimplememorytasksintheformofreadinglistsoftwowordpairsandaskingthe"learner"toreadthembackandwereinstructedtoadministerashockbypressingabuttoneachtimethelearnermadeamistake.Itwasunderstoodthattheelectricshocksweretobeofincreasedby15voltsinintensityforeachmistakethe"learner"madeduringtheexperiment.
Theshockgeneratorthatthe"teacher"wastoldtooperatehad30switchesin15voltincrements,eachswitchwaslabeledwithavoltagerangingfrom15upto450volts.Eachswitchalsohadarating,rangingfrom"slightshock"to"danger:
severeshock".Thefinaltwoswitchesbeinglabeled"XXX".Theexperimentwasconductedinascenariowherethe"learner"wasinanotherroombutthe"teacher"wasmadeawareofthe"actor-learner's"discomfortbypoundingsonthewall.
Nofurthershockswereactuallydelivered-the"teacher"wasnotawarethatthe"learner"inthestudywasactuallyanactorwhowasintended,bytherequirementsoftheexperiment,tousehistalentstoindicateincreasinglevelsofdiscomfortasthe"teacher"administeredincreasinglysevereelectricshocksinresponsetothemistakesmadebythe"learner".
Theexperimenterwaspresentinthesameroomasthe"teacher"andwhenever"teachers"askedwhetherincreasedshocksshouldbegivenheorshewasverballyencouragedbytheexperimentertocontinue.Inthisscenario65%ofthe"teachers"obeyedorderstopunishthelearnertotheveryendofthe450-voltscale!
Nosubjectstoppedbeforereaching300volts!
Attimes,theworried"teachers"questionedtheexperimenter,askingwhowasresponsibleforanyharmfuleffectsresultingfromshockingthelearneratsuchahighlevel.Uponreceivingtheanswerthattheexperimenterassumedfullresponsibility,teachersseemedtoaccepttheresponseandcontinueshocking,eventhoughsomewereobviouslyextremelyuncomfortableindoingso.
Inanarticleentitled"ThePerilsofObedience"(1974)StanleyMilgramwrote:
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"Beforetheexperiments,Isoughtpredictionsabouttheoutcomefromvariouskindsofpeople--psychiatrists,collegesophomores,middle-classadults,graduatestudentsandfacultyinthebehavioralsciences.Withremarkablesimilarity,theypredictedthatvirtuallyallthesubjectswouldrefusetoobeytheexperimenter.Thepsychiatrist,specifically,predictedthatmostsubjectswouldnotgobeyond150volts,whenthevictimmakeshisfirstexplicitdemandtobefreed.Theyexpectedthatonly4percentwouldreach300volts,andthatonlyapathologicalfringeofaboutoneinathousandwouldadministerthehighestshockontheboard".
TheObediencetoAuthorityexperimentwascontinuedbyMilgramoveranumberofotherscenariossuchaswherethe"learner"couldindicatediscomfortbywayofvoicefeedback-at"150volts",the"actor-learner"requestedthattheexperimentend,andwasconsistentlytoldbytheexperimenterthat-"Theexperimentrequiresthatyoucontinue.Pleasegoon."orsimilarwords.Inthisscenarionthepercentageofsubjectswhowerepreparedtoadministerthemaximum450voltsdroppedslightlyto62.5%
WheretheexperimentwasconductedinanondescriptofficebuildingratherthanwithinthewallsofaprestigiouslyornatehallonYale'soldcampusthepercentageofsubjectswhowerepreparedtoadministerthemaximumvoltagedroppedto47.5%.
Wherethe"teacher"hadtophysicallyplacethe"learner's"handona"shockplate"inordertogivehimshocksabove150voltsthepercentageofsubjectswhowerepreparedtoadministerthemaximumvoltagedroppedto30.0%andwherethe"experimenter"wasatendofaphonelineratherthanbeinginthesameroomthepercentageofsubjectswhowerepreparedtoadminister450voltsdroppedto20.5%andwherethe"teacher"couldhimselfnominatetheshocklevelthepercentageofsubjectswhowerepreparedtocontinuetotheendofthescaledroppedto2.5%
Milgramsummeduphisfindingsinrelationtothemainexperimentin"ThePerilsofObedience"(1974):
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"Thelegalandphilosophicaspectsofobedienceareofenormousimport,buttheysayverylittleabouthowmostpeoplebehaveinconcretesituations.IsetupasimpleexperimentatYaleUniversitytotesthowmuchpainanordinarycitizenwouldinflictonanotherpersonsimplybecausehewasorderedtobyanexperimentalscientist.Starkauthoritywaspittedagainstthesubjects'strongestmoralimperativesagainsthurtingothers,and,withthesubjects'earsringingwiththescreamsofthevictims,authoritywonmoreoftenthannot.Theextremewillingnessofadultstogotoalmostanylengthsonthecommandofanauthorityconstitutesthechieffindingofthestudyandthefactmosturgentlydemandingexplanation."
Theexperimenthasbeenrepeatedbyotherpsychologistsaroundtheworldwithsimilarresults.Variationshavebeenperformedtotestforvariablesintheexperimentalsetup.Forexample,subjectsaremuchmorelikelytobeobedientwhentheexperimenterisphysicallypresentthanwhentheinstructionsaregivenovertelephone.
ThePerilsofObedience
byStanleyMilgram-1974
Obedienceisasbasicanelementinthestructureofsociallifeasonecanpointto.Somesystemofauthorityisarequirementofallcommunalliving,anditisonlythepersondwellinginisolationwhoisnotforcedtorespond,withdefianceorsubmission,tothecommandsofothers.Formanypeople,obedienceisadeeplyingrainedbehaviortendency,indeedapotentimpulseoverridingtraininginethics,sympathy,andmoralconduct.
Thedilemmainherentinsubmissiontoauthorityisancient,asoldasthestoryofAbraham,andthequestionofwhetheroneshouldobeywhencommandsconflictwithconsciencehasbeenarguedbyPlato,dramatizedinAntigone,andtreatedtophilosophicanalysisinalmosteveryhistoricalepoch.Conservativephilosophersarguethattheveryfabricofsocietyisthreatenedbydisobedience,whilehumanistsstresstheprimacyoftheindividualconscience.
Thelegalandphilosophicaspectsofobedienceareofenormousimport,buttheysayverylittleabouthowmostpeoplebehaveinconcretesituations.IsetupasimpleexperimentatYaleUniversitytotesthowmuchpainanordinarycitizenwouldinflictonanotherpersonsimplybecausehewasorderedtobyanexperimentalscientist.Starkauthoritywaspittedagainstthesubjects'strongestmoralimperativesagainsthurtingothers,and,withthesubjects'earsringingwiththescreamsofthevictims,authoritywonmoreoftenthannot.Theextremewillingnessofadultstogotoalmostanylengthsonthecommandofanauthorityconstitutesthechieffindingofthestudyandthefactmosturgentlydemandingexplanation.
Intilebasicexperimentaldesignstwopeoplecometoapsychologylaboratorytotakepartinastudyofmemoryandlearning.Oneofthemisdesignated"a"teacher"andtheothera"learner."Theexperimenterexplainsthatthestudyisconcernedwiththeeffectsofpunishmentonlearning.Thelearnerisconductedintoaroom,seatedinakindofminiatureelectricchair,hisarmsarestrappedtopreventexcessivemovement,andanelectrodeisattachedtohiswrist.Heistoldthathewillbereadlistsofsimplewordpairs,andthathewillthenbetestedonhisabilitytorememberthesecondwordofapairwhenhehearsthefirstoneagain.wheneverhemakesanerror,hewillreceiveelectricshocksofincreasingintensity.
Therealfocusoftheexperimentistheteacher.Afterwatchingthelearnerbeingstrappedi
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