词汇学13.docx
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词汇学13.docx
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词汇学13
1、选择题10题 20%前三章概念
2、填空题 5题15%前三章
3、搭配题 10%前四章
4、名词解释题5题10%如loanwordsprefix
5、简答题课后问题Howwhywhat15%
6、分析题提供一个单词对此词做出分析15%
评论题用例子评论观点是否正确15%
题型例如
一、选择题:
1. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT() . A. –ful
English and () belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. B. Danish
added to the end of words to indicate Grammatik relationships are known as ()morphemes. C. inflectional
attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as ()affixes. B .derivational
二、.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions 填空题
1. affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.
2. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independent words.
三、配对
四、Define the following terms. 名词解释题
五、Answer the following questions,简答题
WhyshouldstudentsofEnglishlexicologystudytheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily
TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.
六、1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.
1Destructive de+struct+tive 2antibiotic anti+bio+tic
3composition com+po+si+tion4unbearable un+bear+able
5international inter+nation+nal6ex-prisoner ex+prison+er
2.Theword“deer”originallymeant“animal”,butnowitreferstoaspecificanimal.
Whatkindofword-meaningchangehasthewordexperienced
Whataccountsforthechangeofword-meaning
1)Theword“deer”hasexperiencednarrowingorspecializationofmeaning.
2)Thenarrowingofword-meaningiscausedbytheinfluxofborrowings,oneofthemajorlinguisticfactorsleadingtothechangeofword-meaning.Theword“deer”originallymeant“animal”,andlatertheword“animal”fromLatinandtheword“beast”fromFrenchfoundtheirwayintoEnglish.Asthethreetermsweresynonymous,“animal”retainedtheoriginalmeaning,themeaningof“deer”wasnarrowedand“beast”changedincolour.
Chapter1
:
awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.
Awordis
(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;
(2)asoundunity;
(3)aunityofmeaning;
(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.
Awordisaminimalfreeformthathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction
Awordisasmallestunitofalanguage.
isthelanguageofahighlycolloquialtype,consideredasbelowthelevelofstandardeducatedspeech,andconsistingeitherofnewwordsorofcurrentwordsusedinsomesocialsense.
arethetermspeculiartoaclass,sect,tradeorprofession.
meansthevocabularypeculiartotheunderworld.
5.ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria
Byorigin:
nativewords,borrowedwords
Byusage:
commonwords,literarywords,colloquialwords,slangwords,technicalwords
Bynotion:
functionwords,contentwords
nativewordsfeatures:
1.All-nationalcharacterEveryEnglishpersonusesthewordsofthenativeelement.
2.GreatstabilityThenativeelementlivesforcenturiesprovidingtheEnglishwithabasisforthe
formationofnewwords.
3.MonosyllabicThenativeelementinModemEnglishismostlymonosyllabic.
4.Word-formingabilityThegreatstabilityandsemanticpeculiaritiesofAnglo-Saxonwordsaccountforthegreatwordbuildingpower.
5.WidecollocabilityManynativewordsenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idioms,phrasesandproverbialsayings.
6.PluralityofmeaningsMostofthenativewordshaveundergonestrikingtransformationsinsemanticstructure,andarenowadayshighlypolysemantic
7.HighfrequencyvalueThenativeelement(wordsofAnglo-Saxonorigin)formsthebulkofthemostfrequentelementsusedinanystyleofspeech
8.StylisticallyneutralMostnativewordsarestylisticallyneutral.
Classificationoftheborrowedwords:
Aliens:
arewordsborrowedfromaforeignlanguagewithoutanychangeoftheforeignsoundandspelling.FromFrench:
elite,coupé
Denizens:
areforeignwordswhichhavebeenconformedtonativeEnglishinaccent,spellingandeveninadoptionofanEnglishaffix,orwordsmadeupoftwopartsbothfromforeignsoil.get(aScandinavianborrowing)
theater(aFrenchloan)sociology(socio-fromFrenchand-logyfromGreek)
Translation-Loans:
arewordsandexpressionsformedfromthematerialalreadyexistinginEnglish,butaccordingtopatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,bywayofliteralmorpheme-for-morphemetranslation.blackhumour(fromFrenchhumornoir)
foundobject(fromFrenchobjecttrouve)
SemanticLoanwords:
arewordsofanewmeaningduetotheinfluenceofarelatedwordinanotherlanguage,orwordswhichacquirednewmeaningsundertheinfluenceoflanguageorlanguagesotherthanthesourcetongue.(giftmeant“thepriceofawife”inOldEnglishandafterthesemanticborrowingofthemeaningofgiftorpresentoftheScandinaviantermgipt,itmeantandstillmeans“gift”inthemodernsenseofit.)
ClassificationofEnglishWordsbyusage
Commonwordsareconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.
Literarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Theyarecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.InEnglish,mostoftheliterarywordsareofFrench,LatinorGreekorigin.Forexample,cast(throw),edifice(building),endeavor(try),purchase(buy),etc.Moreexamples:
recognition,distinction,inclination,dubious,amelioration…
colloquialwordsorexpressionsareusedmainlyinspokenEnglish,asinconversationamongfriendsandcolleagues.Theycanalsobeuseininformalwritings,butareinappropriateinformalspeechesorwritings.Theyaremarkedcolloq.orinformalindictionaries.Suchas:
kid,guy,fellow,gay…
区别literarywordandcolloquialwordandcommonword
a.
Feelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.(literary)
b.Tomfeltsodog-tiredhehitthesackearly.(colloquial)
c.Johnwasdismissedforpettythieving.(common)
d.Johnwasfiredforpettythieving.(colloquial)
a.
Penaltiesforoverduebookswillbestrictlyenforced.(literary)
b.Youhavegottopayfinesforoverduebooks.(colloquial)
c.Theyapprovedoftheplan.(literary)
d.Theyagreedtotheplan.(common)
Slangwordisdefinedaslanguage,wordsorphrasesofacolorful,humorous,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.Thechiefreasonfortheformationanduseofslangexpressionsistosecurefreshnessandnovelty.
Technicalwordsrefertothosewordsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.=terminologiesortechnicalterms.symphony,sonata,orchestra,concerto,audiovisual,microteaching,algebra,geometry,calculus,clone,embryo,cell,organism,DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid),gene
Functionwords(orgrammaticalwordsorautosemanticwords)arewordsthathavelittlelexicalmeaningorhaveambiguousmeaning,butinsteadservetoexpressgrammaticalrelationshipswithotherwordswithinasentence,orspecifytheattitudeormoodofthespeaker.Functionwordsmightbeprepositions,pronouns,auxiliaryverbs,conjunctions,grammaticalarticlesorparticles,allofwhichbelongtothegroupofclosed-classwords.
Contentwords:
Wordsthatarenotfunctionwordsarecalledcontentwords(oropenclasswordsorlexicalwords).Includenouns,verbs,adjectives,andmostadverbs,althoughsomeadverbsarefunctionwords.,thenandwhy).
a. sub-standard words often used on informal occasions ( slang )
b. specialized vocabulary common in certain professions ( jargon)
c. words used by sup-cultural groups especiallyby underground society (argot )
d. words that have richnotions (contentwords )
e. words of Anglo-Saxon origin( nativewords )
f. words borrowed by way of translation ( translationloans )
g.old words with new meanings( neologisms )
h.foreignwordswhichhavebecomeassimilated(denizens)
i.wordswhosemeaningsareborrowed(semanticloans)
j.wordsessentialtonativespeakersdailycommunication(dialectalwords本地语)
配对tart:
loosewomanbloke:
fellowgat:
pistolswell:
greatchicken:
cowardblue:
fightsmoky:
policefull:
drunkdame:
womanbeaver:
girl
Denizens同化词
Aliens非同化词
Translationloans
译借词
Semanticloans
借义词
kettle
die
wall
skirt
husband
confrere
propatria
Wunderkind
mikado
parvenu
chopstick
typhoon
blackhumour
longtimenosee
dream
Chapter2
ModernEnglishWords:
Borrowing&Neologism
Borrowing:
FromFrench:
attach,café
FromItalian:
concert,duet,piano,soprano,solo,tenor,model,bust,studio,dome,balcony,inthefieldsofmusic,art,architecture
FromSpanish:
armada,cargo,vanilla,cocoa,cigar
FromPortuguese:
caste,pagoda
FromGerman:
bismuth,cobalt,nickel,zinc
FromDutch:
dock,freight,keel
FromRussian:
vodka,troika,ruble,tsar
FromAustralian:
boomerang,kangaroo,dingo
FromArabic:
sugar,sultan,alcohol
FromIndian:
coolie,cashmere,khaki
FromChinese:
tea,typhoon,yamen
FromJapanese:
kimono,tycoon
FromAfrican:
gorilla,zebra
Neologismsarenewlycoinedwordsorwordsth
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