女独立精神在《小妇人》中的体现.docx

女独立精神在《小妇人》中的体现.docx

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女独立精神在《小妇人》中的体现

本科毕业论文

中文题目:

新女性独立精神在《小妇人》中的体现

外文题目:

TheNewWomanIdeologyinLittleWomen

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新女性独立精神在小妇人中的体现

摘要：

露易莎.梅.奥尔科特，美国十九世纪后半期著名女作家，以其长篇小说《小妇人》而闻名于世。

这部以19世纪中叶美国内战时期的新英格兰小镇为背景，生动地体现出美国社会的变迁和文化的传承的小说，以家庭日志的形式，讲述了马奇家四姐妹的成长经历，给读者留下了极为深刻的印象。

小说中充分体现了时代新女性的独立精神，小说女主人公们不满足家庭主妇式的生活，要求走出家门、步入社会、追求经济上的独立，渴望通过发挥自己的才智以实现自我价值。

除此之外，小说通过马奇姐妹艺术才华的展示、梅格和乔外出工作以补贴家用、马奇姐妹组织俱乐部创立自己的报刊、乔违背传统的婚姻、丈夫们参与家务事等片段揭示出女权主义兴起和新女性主义的体现。

论文的第一部分主要阐述女性主义的萌芽，包括美国文化中的女性主义，女权运动，新女性主义等。

第二部分着重于女性独立精神在婚姻和家庭生活中的改革，分别从乔和艾米这两个人物加以论证描述。

第三章是论文的结论，概括总结了《小妇人》中体现出的新女性独立精神。

关键词：

新女性；自我依靠；自我独立

TheNewwomanIdeologyinLittleWomen

Abstract

Louisa.May.Alcott,Americanwomanwriterinthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury,isfamousforherwarmly-receivednovelLittleWomen.Intheformofdomesticdiary,thenoveltellsthegrowing-upexperiencesofthefourMarchsisters.SetinasmalltowninNewEnglandduringAmericanCivilWarinthemid-nineteenthcentury,LittleWomenimpressesreaderswiththesocialchangesandculturaltraditionsoftheAmericansocietyatthattime.ThestorypresentstheNewWomanideologyingreatsense,suchasthefourMarchsisterscannotstandtheirpoorlifeandgoouttowork,earnmoneyforthefamilyinordertolessenthepressureoftheirparentsandpursuittheireconomicindependence,realizetheirself-value.Besides,theMarchsistersshowtheirartistictalents,Meggoouttoworkandearnmoneyforlessenthefamilyburden,theyruntheirownnewspaperclub,Jogoagainstwiththetraditionalmarriage,andhusbandtakespartinthehouseholdthingsareallpresenttheNewWomanIdeology.

ThefirstchapterofthisthesisintroducestheInitiationofFeminism,includingthe"TrueWomen"IdeologyinAmericanCulture,Women'sMovement,theNewWomenIdeology.ThesecondchaptermainlydescribestheFeministReformofMarriageandFamilyLife,especiallyaboutJoandAmyinthisperspective.TheThirdchapteristhe

conclusion,whichsummerizesthenewWomenIdeologyinLittleWomen.

Keywords:

newwoman;self-reliance;self-individualism

Acknowledgements

Firstandforemost,IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisorMr.ZhangCongcheng,whohasguidemeinmystudyofEnglishliterature,andwithhispainstakinginstructionshasledmethroughthewholeprocessofwritingthethesis.Withkindnessandgenerosity,heengageshimselfwiththisprojectaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.Hisinfinitewisdomandadviceandthegraceandwithwhichithasalwaysbeenbestowed,andforeverythinghehastaughtmethroughhisownoutstandingexampleaboutbeingaprofessional,effective,anddedicatedscholarandteacher,aswellasatrulyconsiderate,generous,andlovelyperson.Withouthiscontinuingdirectionsandencouragement,thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.

ThankstoalltheteachersinEnglishDepartmentfortheirhelpingettingmethroughbachelorprogramvirtuallyunscathed.

Thankstomyfamilyandfriendsforhelpingmethroughvariousbreakdowns,forlisteningtomyVictorianandGaskellIanrantsandrambles,forputtingupwithcountlesshoursofwhining,alwaysbeentheretolistenandencourageandhelpandremindmeofwhatisimportant.

Contents

TheNewWomenIdeologyinLittleWomen

Introduction

LittleWomenisanovelpublishedin1868andwrittenbyAmericanauthorLouisaMayAlcott.ThestoryconcernsthelivesandlovesoffoursistersgrowingupduringtheAmericanCivilWar.ItwasbasedonAlcott’sownexperiencesasachildinConcord,Massachusettswithherthreesisters,Anna,May,andElizabeth.

Thisisastoryaboutlove,faith,fortitude,anddevotion.ThestoryofMarchhappenedinMassachusettsduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Itincludesmostproblemswhichprobablyhappeninthegrowthofyounggirls,suchastheproblemsinfirstlove,friendshipbetweenteenagersandthegapbetweenourdreamandthereality.

LittleWomenisthestoryofTheMarches,afamilyusedtohardtoilandsuffering.AlthoughFatherMarchisawaywiththeUnionarmies,thesistersMeg,Jo,AmyandBethkeepinhighspiritswiththeirmother,affectionatelynamedMarmee.However,despitetheireffortstobegood,thegirlsshowfaults:

theprettyMegbecomesdiscontentedwiththechildrensheteaches;boyishJoloseshertemperregularly;whilethegolden-hairedschoolgirlAmyisinclinedtowardsaffectation.However,Beth,whokeepsthehouse,isalwayskindandgentle.AftercertainhappytimeswinningovertheLaurence’s,darktimesarriveasMaumeefindsoutaboutherhusband

’sillness.WorseistocomeasBethcontractsscarletfeverinherSamaritaneffortsforasickneighborandbecomesmoreorlessaninvalid.Thenoveltellsoftheirprogressintoyoungwomanhoodwiththeadditionalstrainsofromance,Beth’sterminalillness,thepressuresofmarriageandtheoutsideworld.Thisisthestoryoftheirgrowingmaturityandwisdomandthesearchforthecontentednessoffamilylife.Itwaswrittenin1867andisafictionalizedbiographyofAlcottandhersisters.Ithasbecomeamuchlovedclassictaleand,whilesomeofitsissuesseemoutdated,manyofthetrialsofthesistersarealltoorelevanttodayasevidencedbyitscontinuedfollowing.

TheInitiationofFeminism

LittleWomenisamultifacetednovelwithAlcott’ssubversionofthestory’straditionaldoctrineandontheotherhandhercompromisewithherculture’snorms.Itpreachesdomesticcontainmentwhileitexplorestheinfinityofinwardfemalespaceandsuggestsanunendingrageagainsttheculturallimitationsimposedonfemaledevelopment.WomenintheMarchfamilybearconventionalfemininefeaturespreservedbythe19th-centuryTrueWomanideology,butmeanwhilecarrydistinctiveNewWoman’sspiritsofthattime.Theseself-contradictorymessagesinLittleWomenshowtwohighlypolarizedviewsasregardswomen’sroleintheAmericanculture.Themoreprevalentofthesetwoviews,theconservativeortraditionalone,reliedespeciallyontheBiblicalstoryofEve’sordainedsubservientstatus.Theopposingview,“equalitarianfeminism”touseCot’sphrase,admittedwomen’s“sharedweaknessrelativetomen’‘butquestioned“whetherthisweaknesswasnaturalorartificial,biologicalorcultural（qtd.inDavidson,126）.Accordtothisviewwomen’ssupposednaturalinferioritywasreallyimposedbycustomandculture,thenitcouldlargelyberemediedthroughmanyways.

A.The”TrueWomen”IdeologyinAmericanCulture

Basedonthetraditionalideologies,atermandconceptof

“TrueWomen”pervadedinantebellum19th-centuryAmericanCulture,definingtheproperroleformiddleclasswhitewomen.“TheCultofTrueWomanhood”,asBarbaraWelternamedinherinfluentialessayofthesametitle,involves“theattributesofpiety,purity,submissivenessanddomesticity”.（qtd.inRoss,887-888）

Piety,avirtueof“TrueWomanhood”,requiresadevoutbeliefinChristianity,stressingthatwomanisman’shelpmeet,nothisequal.Awoman’sdutyistoserveherhusband.Religiouswomenarenotexpectedtoquestiontheirsubordinatestatus,whichisbelievedtobeordainedbyGod.Meg’sengagementyearsandmaritallifeclearlyprovethispoint.WhenMeg’sengagementtoJohnBrookeisfixed,MegresolvestolearnthedomesticchoressoastogetherselfreadyformarriagewhenBrookeworksoutsidetoearnthematerialbasisfortheirmarriage.Preciselyspeaking,Meg’spreparationformarriageistotrainhertoserveaman.

Purity,asecondvirtue,demandsofwomen’schastitybeforemarriageandfidelityafterwards.WhenMr.Marchleaveshometotakepartinthewar,Mrs.Marchwaitsforhimtocomebackfaithfully.WhenMegisengagedtoMr.Brooke,shewithfidelitywaitsthreeyearsforhimtoearnenoughmeansformarriage.Theseshowfemaleloyaltytohusbandoffiancé.

Submissiveness,thenextvirtue,requiresthatawomanobeyherparentsandlaterherhusbandwithoutquestion.Woman’spassivity,dependence,self-effacementandself-abnegationensurethatthepatriarchalmythofmalesupremacywillremaininforce.Althoughsubmissionbringssufferingtomanywomen,theyareschooledto

viesufferingaspartoftheirlotandobedientlyaccept.ThefourMarchgirls,followingthesuggestionoftheirmotheraswellasinresponsetotheirfather’sexpectationinaletter,determinetobegintheirself-improvementinjourney.Theyareobedientchildren.Mrs.March’sadvicetoherdaughterMegonhermarriage-”Watchyourself,bethefirsttoaskpardonifyoubotherr,andguardagainstthelittlepiques,misunderstandings,andhastywordsthatoftenpavethewayforbittersorrowandregret”.（263）.–showstheformerobedientchildisturningtoadocilewife.Amy’sutteranceinthenovel-”womenshouldlearntobeagreeable”,-echoeswomen’ssubmissivestatus.Womenwillnotbetoleratedunlesstheyareagreeable.Theycanjustifytheirexistenceandassuagetheguiltderivingfrombeinguselessonlythroughalifeofcheerfulservicetoothers