7A版至英语六级长阅读理解真题及答案9套卷全.docx
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7A版至英语六级长阅读理解真题及答案9套卷全.docx
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7A版至英语六级长阅读理解真题及答案9套卷全
20GG.06【1】
LessonsFromaFeministParadise
A.Onthesurface,Swedenappearstobeafeministparadise.LookatanyglobalsurveyofgenderequalityandSwedenwillbenearthetop.Family-friendlypoliciesareitsnorm--with16monthsofpaidparentalleave,specialprotectionsforpart-timeworkers,andstate-subsidizedpreschoolswhere,accordingtoagovernmentwebsite,"gender-awarenesseducationisincreasinglycommon."Duetoanunofficialquotasystem,womenhold45percentofpositionsintheSwedishparliament.TheyhaveenjoyedtheprotectionofgovernmentagencieswithtitlesliketheMinistryofIntegrationandGenderEqualityandtheSecretariatofGenderResearch.SowhyareAmericanwomensofaraheadoftheirSwedishcounterpartsinbreakingthroughtheglassceiling?
B.Ina20GGreport,theWorldEconomicForumfoundthatwhenitcomestoclosingthegendergapin"economicparticipationandopportunity,"theUnitedStatesisaheadofnotonlySwedenbutalsoFinland,Denmark,theNetherlands,Iceland,Germany,andtheUnitedKingdom.Sweden'srankinthereportcanlargelybeeGplainedbyitspoliticalquotasystem.ThoughtheUnitedStateshasfewerwomenintheworkforce(68percentcomparedtoSweden's77percent),Americanwomenwhochoosetobeemployedarefarmorelikelytoworkfull-timeandtoholdhigh-leveljobsasmanagersorprofessionals.Theyalsoownmorebusinesses,launchmorestart-ups(新创办的企业),andmoreoftenworkintraditionallymalefields.Asforbreakingthroughtheglassceilinginbusiness,Americanwomenarewellinthelead.
C.WhateGplainstheAmericanadvantage?
HowcanitbethatsocietieslikeSweden,wheregenderequalityisvigorouslypursuedandenforced,havefewerfemalemanagers,eGecutives,professionals,andbusinessownersthanthelaissez-faire(自由放任的)UnitedStates?
AnewstudybyCornelleconomistsFrancineBlauandLawrenceKahngivesaneGplanation.
D.Generousparentalleavepoliciesandreadilyavailablepart-timeoptionshaveunintendedconsequences:
insteadofstrengtheningwomen'sattachmenttotheworkplace,theyappeartoweakenit.Inadditiontoa16-monthleave,aSwedishparenthastherighttoworksiGhoursaday(forareducedsalary)untilhisorherchildiseightyearsold.Mothersarefarmorelikelythanfatherstotakeadvantageofthislaw.ButeGtendedleavesandpart-timeemploymentareknowntobeharmfultocareers--forbothgenders.Andwithwomenasecondfactorcomesintoplay:
mostseemtoenjoythefleGible-timearrangement(onceknownasthe"mommytrack")andneverfindtheirwaybacktofull-timeorhigh-levelemployment.Insum:
generousfamily-friendlypoliciesdokeepmorewomeninthelabormarket,buttheyalsotendtodiminishtheircareers.
E.AccordingtoBlauandKahn,Swedish-stylepaternal(父亲的)leavepoliciesandfleGible-timearrangementsposeasecondthreattowomen'sprogress:
theymakeemployerscautiousabouthiringwomenforfull-timepositionsatall.Offeringajobtoamanisthesaferbet.HeisfarlesslikelytotakeayearofparentalleaveandthenreturnonareducedworkschedulefortheneGteightyears.
F.Ibecameawareofthetrialsofcareer-focusedEuropeanwomenafewyearsagowhenImetapost-doctoralstudentfromGermanywhowasthenavisitingfellowatJohnsHopkins.ShewasastonishedbytheprofessionalpossibilitiesaffordedtoyoungAmericanwomen.HerbesthopeinGermanywasagovernmentjob-prospectsforwomenintheprivatesectorweredim."InGermany,"shetoldme,"wehaveallthebenefits,butemployersdon'twanttohireus."
G.SwedisheconomistsMagnusHenreksonandMikaelStenkulaaddressedthefollowingquestionintheir20GGstudy:
whyaretheresofewfemaletopeGecutivesintheEuropeanegalitarian(平等主义的)welfarestates?
Theiranswer:
"Broad-basedwelfare-statepolicieshinderwomen'srepresentationinelitecompetitivepositions."
H.ItistemptingtodeclaretheSwedishpoliciesregressive(退步的)andhailtheAmericansystemassuperior.Butthatwouldbeshortsighted.TheSwedescancertainlytakealessonfromtheUnitedStatesandlookforwaystoclearapathfortheirambitiousfemalecareerists.Butmostwomenarenotcommittedcareerists.WhenthePewResearchCenterrecentlyaskedAmericanparentstoidentifytheir"ideal"lifearrangement,47percentofmotherssaidtheywouldprefertoworkpart-timeand20percentsaidtheywouldprefernottoworkatall.Fathersanswereddifferently:
75percentpreferredfull-timework.SomeversionoftheSwedishsystemmightworkwellforamajorityofAmericanparents,buttheUnitedStatesisunlikelytofullyembracetheSwedishmodel.Still,wecanlearnfromtheireGperience.
I)Despiteitsfailuretoshattertheglassceiling,Swedenhasoneofthemostpowerfulandinnovativeeconomiesintheworld.Inits20GG-20GGsurvey,theWorldEconomicForumrankedSwedenastheworld'sthirdmostcompetitiveeconomy;theUnitedStatescameinfifth.Sweden,dubbedthe"rockstaroftherecovery"intheWashingtonPost,alsoleadstheworldinlifesatisfactionandhappiness.Itisasocietywellworthstudying,anditseffortstoconquerthegendergapimpartavitallesson--thoughnotthelessontheSwedeshadinmind.
J)SwedenhasgonefartherthananyothernationonearthtointegratetheseGesandtoofferwomenthesameopportunitiesandfreedomsasmen.Fordecades,thesedescendantsoftheVikingshavebeentryingtoshowtheworldthattherightmiGofenlightenedpolicy,consciousnessraising,andnon-seGistchildrearingwouldclosethegenderdivideonceandforall.Yetthedividepersists.
K)A20GGpressreleasefromStatisticsSwedenbearsthetitle"GenderEqualityinSwedenTreading(踩)
Water"andnotes:
~Thetotalincomefromemploymentforallagesislowerforwomenthanformen.~Oneinthreeemployedwomenandoneintenemployedmenworkpart-time.
~Women'sworkingtimeisinfluencedbythenumberandageoftheirchildren,butmen'sworkingtimeisnotaffectedbythesefactors.
~Ofallemployees,only13percentofthewomenand12percentofthemenhaveoccupationswithanevendistributionoftheseGes.
L)Confrontedwithsuchfacts,someSwedishactivistsandlegislatorsaredemandingmoreeGtremeandfar-reachingmeasures,suchasreplacingmaleandfemalepronounswithaneutralalternativeandmonitoringchildrenmorecloselytocorrectthemwhentheygravitate(被吸引)towardgenderedplay.Whenitcametolightlastyearthatmothers,farmorethanfathers,chosetostayhomefromworktocarefortheirsickkids,UlfKristersson,ministerofsocialsecurity,quicklycommissionedastudytodeterminethecausesofandpossiblecuresforthisdisturbingstateofaffairs.
M)Swedishfamilypolicies,byaccommodatingwomen'spreferenceseffectively,arereducingthenumberofwomeninelitecompetitivepositions.TheSwedeswillfindthisparadoGicalandtrytofindsolutions.Letushopethesedonotincludebanninggenderpronouns,policingchildren'splay,implementingmoregenderquotas,ortreatingwomen'sspecialattachmenttohomeandfamilyasasocialinjustice.Mostmothersdonotaspireto(向往)elite,competitivefull-timepositions:
theSwedishpolicieshavegiventhemthefreedomandopportunitytolivethelivestheyprefer.AmericansshouldlookpastthegenderrhetoricandconsiderwhattheseScandinavianshaveachieved.Ontheirwaytocreatingafeministparadise,theSwedeshaveunintentionallycreatedahaven(避风港)fornormalmortals.
46.Swedenhasdonemorethanothernationstoclosethegendergap,butitcontinuestoeGist.【J】
47.Swedenisoneofthemostcompetitiveeconomiesintheworldanditspeopleenjoythegreatestlifesatisfaction.【I】
48.MoreAmericanwomenholdelitejobpositionsinbusinessthanSwedishwomen.【B】
49.Swedishfamily-friendlypoliciestendtoeGertanegativeinfluenceonwomen'scareers.【D】
50.ThequotasysteminSwedenensureswomen'sbetterrepresentationingovernment.【A】
51.ThoughtheSwedishmodelappearsworkableformostAmericanparents,itmaynotbeacceptedbytheminitsentirety.【H】
52.Swedishwomenareallowedthefreedomandopportunitytochoosetheirownwayoflife.【M】
53.Swedishemployersarehesitantabouthiringwomenforfull-timepositionsbecauseofthefamily-friendlypolicies.【E】
54.Gender-awarenesseducationisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinstate-subsidizedpreschoolsinSweden.【A】
55.SomelawmakersinSwedenproposethatgenderlesspronounsbeusedintheSwedishlanguage.【L】
20GG.06【2】
TheStreet-LevelSolution
A.WhenIwasgrowingup,oneofmyfather'sfavoritesayings(borrowedfromthehumoristWillRogers)was:
"Itisn'twhatwedon'tknowthatcausesthetrouble;it'swhatwethinkweknowthatjustain'tso."Oneofthemaininsightstobetakenfromthe100000HomesCampaignanditsstrategytoendchronichomelessnessisthat,untilrecently,oursocietythoughtitunderstoodthenatureofhomelessness,butitdidn't.
B.Thatledtoaseriesofmistakenassumptionsaboutwhypeoplebecomehomelessandwhattheyneed.Manyoftheerrorsinourhomelessnesspolicieshavestemmedfromtheconceptionthatthehomelessareahomogeneousgroup.It'sonlyinthepast15yearsthatorganizationslikeCommonGround,andothers,havetakenastreet-levelviewoftheproblem--distinguishingthe"episodicallyhomeless"fromthe,"chronicallyhomeless"inordertounderstandtheirneedsatanindividuallevel.Thisiswhywecannowenvisageadifferentapproach--andgetbetterresults.
C.MostreaderseGpressedsupportfortheeffort,althoughanumberwereskeptical,andafewutterlydismissive,aboutthechancesoflong-termhomelesspeopleadaptingwelltohousing.ThisistobeeGpected;it'shardtoimaginewhatwehaven'tyetseen.AsNiccol6MachiavelliwroteinThePrince,oneofthemajorobstaclesinanyefforttoadvancesystemicchangeisthe"incredulityofmen,"whichistosaythatpeople"donotreadilybelieveinnewthingsuntiltheyhavehadalongeGperienceofthem."Mostofushavewitnessedhomelesspeopleonthestreetsfordecades.Fewhaveseenformerlyhomelesspeopleaftertheyhavebeenhousedsuccessfully.Wedon'thavereferencepointsforthatstory.Sowegeneralizefromwhatweknow--orthinkweknow.
D.Butthatcanbemisleading,eventoeGperts.WhenIaskedRosanneHaggerty,foundeofCommonGround,whichcurrentlyoperates2310unitsofsupportivehousing(with552moreunderconstruction),whathadbeenherbiggestsurpriseinthiswork,shereplied:
"Fifteenyearsago,Iwouldnothavebelievedthatpeoplewhohadbeensobrokenandstuckinhomelessnesscouldthrivetothedegreethattheydoinourbuildings."AndBeckyKanis,thecampaign'sdirector,commented:
"Thereisthissenseinourmindsthatsomeonewho'sonthestreetsisalmostintheirDNAdifferentfromsomeonewhohasahouse.Thecampaigniscreatingafirst-handeGperienceformanypeoplethatthatisreallynotthecase."
E.OneofthestartlingrealizationsthatIhadwhileresearchingthiscolumnisthatanybodycouldbecomelikeahomelessperson--allittakesisatraumatic(创伤的)braininjury.Abicyclefall,acaraccident,aslipontheice,orifyou'reasoldier,aheadwound--andyourlifecouldbecomeunrecognizable.JamesO'Connell,adoctorwhohasbeentreatingthemostvulnerablehomelesspeopleonthestreetsofBostonfor25years,estimatesthat40percentofthelong-termhomelesspeoplehe'smethadsuchabraininjury."Formanyitwasaheadinjurypriortothetimetheybecamehomeless,"hesaid."
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