JJ经典加试原文.docx
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JJ经典加试原文.docx
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JJ经典加试原文
SumerianCivilization
Itisanastonishingfactthathumancivilizationshouldhaveemergedintothelightofhistoryintwoseparateplacesatjustaboutthesametime.Between3500and3000B.C.whenEgyptwasbeingunitedunderpharaonicruleothergreatcivilizationaroseinMesopotamiathe“landbetweentherivers.”Andforclosetothreethousandyears,thetworivalcentersretainedtheirdistinctcharacters,eventhoughtheyhadcontactwitheachotherfromtheirearliestbeginnings,andtheirdestinieswereinterwoveninmanyways.ThepressurethatforcedtheinhabitantsofbothregionstoabandonthepatternofNeolithicvillagelifemaywellhavebeenthesame.ButthevalleyoftheTigrisandEuphratesrivers,unlikethatoftheNile,isnotanarrowfertilestripprotectedbydesertoneitherside.Itresemblesawide,shallowtroughwithfewnaturaldefenses,crisscrossedbytwogreatriversandtheirtributaries,andiseasilyencroacheduponfromanydirection.
ThusthefactsofgeographytendedtodiscouragetheideaofunitingtheentireMesopotamianareaunderasinglehead.Rulerswhohadthisambitiondidnotappear,sofarasweknow,untilaboutonethousandyearsafterthebeginningofMesopotamiancivilization,andtheysucceededincarryingitoutonlyforbriefperiodsandatthecostofalmostcontinuouswarfare.Asaconsequence,thepoliticalhistoryofancientMesopotamiahasnounderlyingthemeofthesortthatdivinekingshipprovidesforEgypt.Localrivalriesforeignincursions,thesuddenupsurgeandequallysuddencollapseofmilitarypower–thoseareitssubstance.Againstsuchadisturbedbackground,thecontinuityofculturalandartistictraditionsseemsallthemoreremarkable.ThiscommonheritageisverylargelythecreationofthefoundersofMesopotamianCivilization,whomwecallSumeriansaftertheregionofSumer,whichtheyinhabited,neartheconfluenceoftheTigrisandEuphrates.
TheoriginoftheSumeriansremainsobscure.Theirlanguageisunrelatedtoanyotherknowntongue.Sometimesbefore4,000B.C.theycametosouthernMesopotamia,fromPersia,andthere,withinthenextthousandyears,theyfoundedanumberofcity-statesanddevelopedtheirdistinctiveformofwritingincuneiform(wedge-shaped)charactersonclaytablets.nUnfortunately,thetangibleremainsofSumeriancivilizationareextremelyscantycomparedtothoseofancientEgypt.nBuildingstonebeingunavailableinMesopotamia,theSumeriansusedmudbrickandwood,sothatalmostnothingisleftoftheirarchitectureexceptthefoundation.nNordidtheysharetheEgyptians'concernwiththehereafter,althoughsomerichlyendowedtombsintheshapeofvaultedchambersbelowgroundfromtheearlydynasticperiodhavebeenfoundinthecityofUr.nOurknowledgeofSumerianCivilizationthusdependsverylargelyonchancefragmentsbroughttolightbyexcavation,includingvastnumbersofinscribedclaytablets.Yetwehavelearnedenoughtoformageneralpictureofthisvigorous,inventive,anddisciplinedpeople.
EachSumeriancity-statehaditsownlocalgod,whowasregardedasitskingandowner.Italsohadahumanruler,thestewardofthedivinesovereign,wholedthepeopleinservingthedeity.Thelocalgod,inreturn,wasexpectedtopleadthecauseofhissubjectsamonghisfellowdeitieswhocontrolledtheforcesofnaturesuchaswindandweather,water,fertility,andtheheavenlybodies.Norwastheideaofdivineownershiptreatedasamerepiousfiction.Thegodwasquiteliterallybelievedtoownnotonlytheterritoryofthecity-statebutalsothelaborpowerofthepopulationanditsproducts.Alltheseweresubjecttohiscommands,transmittedtothepeoplebyhishumansteward.Theresultwasaneconomicsystemthathasbeendubbed“theocraticsocialism”,aplannedsocietywhoseadministrativecenterwasthetemple.Thetemplecontrolledthepoolingoflaborandresourcesforcommunalenterprises,suchasthebuildingofdikesorirrigationditches,anditcollectedanddistributedaconsiderablepartoftheharvest.Allthisrequiredthekeepingofdetailedwrittenrecords.Hence,weneednotbesurprisedtofindthatthetextsofearlySumerianinscriptionsdealverylargelywitheconomicandadministrativeratherthanreligiousmatters,althoughwritingwasapriestlyprivilege.
中文大意:
主要在讲苏美文明civilization还和埃及比较了一下。
二个文明同时出现在不同的地区,十分令人惊讶astonishing(词汇题)。
一是法老统治的埃及;一是苏美(二河流域)。
二者有交流,但各自保有各自的特色。
(句子同义改写)
在地理条件方面,埃及有沙漠屏障,而两河流域四面受敌,因此两河流域很难被统一。
两河文明发迹后,曾短暂的统一,不过结果是外患内战,突然掘起、突然衰败的军事力量,成为两河文明的本质(指代题)。
不过如此纷乱的背景,反而衬托出他们非凡的文化及艺术传统。
苏美文明的起源仍然不明obscure(词汇题),和埃及相比,留下的遗迹也很少。
因为缺少石头,所以他们建筑使用泥砖和木头。
虽然在Ur有发现一些墓穴,不过他们不像埃及人这么重视来世(题目)。
我们对苏美文明的了解来自偶然挖出的大量vast(词汇题)泥板。
苏美各国城邦都有不同的god和humanruler。
humanruler带领人们进行祭神的活动。
god不仅呼风唤雨,对土地有所有权,而且能够分配人力及资源。
庙宇是管理的中心,可以集中、分配很多的considerable(词汇题)作物,这些都需要详细的记录,所以,虽然书写是神职人员的特权,但大多数的记录都和管理及经济有关,反而不是记录宗教的事务。
考题及答案:
(1)Theword“astonishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
答案:
(C)amazing。
(2)WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
答案:
(C)AgreatcivilizationaroseinMesopotamiabetween3500and3000B.C.atthesametimethatancientEgyptwasbeingunited.
(3)Thephrase"itssubstance"inthepassagerefersto
答案:
(A)thepoliticalhistoryofancientMesopotamia
(4)Theword“obscure”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
答案:
(A)unclear。
(5)TheauthormentionsNordidtheysharetheEgyptians’concernwiththehereafter,inorderto
答案:
(A)ToprovideoneexplanationfortherelativelyfewphysicalremainsofancientSumeriansociety.
(6)ItcanbeinferredthattheCityofUrislocatedin
答案:
(D)neartheconfluenceofTigrisandEuphrates
(7)Theword“vast”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
答案:
(B)verylarge
(8)Accordingtoparagraph2and3,thephysicalcharacteristicsofMesopotamiaaffectedSumeriancivilizationinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT
答案:
(C)Continuityofculturalandartistictraditionscouldnotbeachieved.
(9)Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Despitetheseachievements,scholarsknowmuchlessaboutSumerianlifethantheywouldlike.
答案:
(D)第四个方块。
(10)Intheaboveparagraph,whatevidenceisusedtosupporttheclaimthattheideaofdivineownershipwasnota“amerepiousfiction”
答案:
(B)Theideaofdivineownershipwasthereasonwhyalargepartoftheharvestwasofferedtothegod.
(11)Theword“considerable”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
答案:
(A)substantial
(12)Intheabovepassage,allofthefollowingweretrueofthelocalgodEXCEPT
答案:
(D)Thelocalgodsometimesfoughtagainstthelocalgodsofrivalcity-states.
(13)分类题。
AncientEgyptianCivilizationSumerianCivilization
政治统一了很久时间
有相当多建筑物遗址城邦国家是一个特色
从文件中所记载
这一个文明受到外部的侵略
ObservingNaturalSelection
WitnessingnaturalselectionwouldnothaveseemedpossibletoDarwinbecauseheassumednaturalselectionwastooslowandgradualforourshort-termmindstoperceive.Yetlaterbiologistshavebeenabletowitnessflashesofevolutionarychange.Inthelate1980s,forexample,biologistDavidReznickbegantousetheguppiesthatswiminthestreamsofTrinidadforestsinnaturalexperiment.Atlowerelevationstheseguppiesfacetheassaultofpredatoryfishes,buttheonesinhigherwatersliveinpeacebecausefewofthepredatorscanmoveupstreampastthewaterfallsandcraggyrocks.
Likeallanimals,guppieshaveatimetablefortheirlives-howlongtheytaketoreachsexualmaturityhowfasttheygrowduringthattime,howlongtheyliveasadults.Theoreticalbiologistshavepredictedthatthelifehistoryofanimalscanevolveifmutationsthatalteritbringtheanimalsmorereproductivesuccess.Reznickputtheirpredictionstothetest.
Inpondswithalotofpredators,guppiesthatgrowfastshouldbemoresuccessfulthanslow-growingones.Withthethreatofdeathhangingoveraguppy,itwillgrowasquicklyaspossiblesothatitcanstartmatingassoonaspossibleandhaveasmanyoffspringaspossible.Ofcourse,thestrategycomeswithaheavyprice.Bygrowingsoquickly,aguppymayshortenitsownnaturallifespan,andbyquicklygivingbirthtobabies,femaleguppycannottaketimetosupportheroffspringwithenergy,whichputthematriskofdyingyoung.ButReznickreasoned,thatthethreat,ofanearlydeathoffsetbyotherrisk..
Toseewhetherthistrade-offwasreal,Reznickrelocatedguppiesthatwerebeingterrorizedinthedownstreambyputtingtheminpoolswithrelativelyfewpredators.Elevenyearsintheseconditionsproducedguppiesthatwere,onaverage,inlessofarush.Theytook10percentlongertomaturethantheirancestorsandwereover10percentheavierbythetimetheywerefullygrown.Theywerealsolayingsmallerbroodsofeggs.buteachofthenewguppiesthathatchedfromthosewasbigger.
nSometimesnaturerunsevolutionaryexperimentsofitsownwithoutanyhelpfromhumanswhatsoever.nIn1973PeterandRosemaryGrant,husband-and-wifebiologists,arrivedontheGalapagosIslandstostudytheeffectsofnaturalselectiononthebirds.MostyearsontheGalapagos,theweatherfollowsastandardpattern.nForthefirstfivemonthsoftheyearsitishotandrainy,followedbyacool,dryperiod.nButin1977thewetseasonnevercame.AperiodicdisturbanceofthePacificoceancalledLaNinaalteredweatherpatternsovertheGalapagos,causingadisastrousdrought.
OnDaphneIsland,wheretheGrantsworked,thedroughtwaslethal.Outofthe1,200mediumgroundfinchesGeospizafortisthatlivedontheIsland,morethat1,000died.ButtheGrantsdiscoveredthatthedecimationwasnotrandom
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