黑木耳超微粉理化性质的研究 english.docx
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黑木耳超微粉理化性质的研究 english.docx
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黑木耳超微粉理化性质的研究english
Effectofsuperfinegrindingonthestructure
andphysicalpropertiesofAuriculariaauricular
ChunyuYangabWenshuiXiaaChunliYangcQixingJianga
aDepartmentofFoodScience,SouthernYangtzeUniversity,Wuxi,P.R.China214036
bDepartmentofFoodEngineering,HarbinUniversityofCommerce,Harbin,P.R.China150076
cDepartmentofLightIndustry,HarbinUniversityofCommerce,Harbin,P.R.China150028
Received
revised
accepted
Availableonline
Abstract:
TheAveragediameter(AD)andparticlediameterdistribution,X-RayDiffraction(XRD)structure,ScanElectricalMicroscopy(SEM)microstructure,physicalpropertiesofabsorptioncoefficient,specificsurfaceareaandintrinsicviscosity(IV)oforiginalcoarseAuriculariaauricular(Aa)powderandthesamepropertiesofsuperfinegroundpowder(SFGP)ofAawereobtainedrespectivelybymeansofvortexgrinding(VG)methodandballmillgrinding(BMG)methodwerecomparedandstudiedinthisresearch.
Itisdemonstratedthatthe(AD)ofthefourtypesofpowderwere485.47μm、170.36μm、146.95μmand86.18μmrespectively,and(BMG)powderhasnarrowestparticlediameterdistributionrange.Crystallizingtakeplaceintermittentatθ=26.3forfinepowderandvortexgroundpowder.Themicrostructureof(Aa)powdertransformsgraduallyfromnonuniformamorphousstructureandbarstructuretoballstructurewithuniformsizes.Withtheparticlesizeof(SFGP)of(Aa)decreasing,itsspecificsurfaceareaincreasesgradually.Theiodineabsorptioncoefficientincreasesfrom1294.899mg/gto6011.059mg/g.Thewaterrecoveryratioincreasesby25%.(IV)increasesgradually,andat40℃itincreasesfrom4.804Pa.Sto6.894Pa.S.
Keywords:
Auriculariaauricular(Aa);SuperfineGrinding(SFG);Structure;Viscosity;Absorptioncoefficient.
1.Introduction
Superfinegrinding(SFG)isaninnovativetechnologywhichhasbroughtrevolutionarychangestotraditionalfoodprocessing.Afterbeingsuperfineground,thesizesofparticlesarechangedtomicro-nanometergrade,andconsequently,theratiobetweenquantityofatomsonthesurfaceandthatofalltheatomsissharplyaugmented.Asaresult,thespecificsurfacearea,surfacecombinationenergyofthearticleschangedsignificantly,whichismanifestedbythenovelphysical,chemicalandbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheparticles(ArnoKwadeandJoergSchwedes,2002).
Thedevelopmentof(SFG)technologyhasincreasedtheamountofresearchontheedible,biological,ceramic,anddopematerialsetc.(SFG)technologywasattendedwidelyforthespecialphysicalandchemicalpropertiesof(SFGP),suchasexcellentabsorptioncoefficient,assimilatorycoefficient,chemicalactivities,dissolvableabilityanddispersantindex([IanKrycer,2004],(GaiGuosheng,1997).(AD)of(SFGP)decreasedwiththeincreasingofstressintensityinstirredmediamills(ArnoKwadeandJoergSchwedes,2002).Conglutinatepropertiesof(SFGP)ofceramicimprovedobviously([TakashiHibino,1996]and[W.G.Schmidt,1991]).Absorptioncoefficientof(SFGP)ofaluminahydrateandtitaniumdioxidechangedgreatly(H.BelFadhel,1999and2001).Though(SFG)isanewtechnology,ithasfoundapplicationsinvariousfieldssuchasfoodprocessing,biomaterial,traditionalChinesemedicine,chemicalindustry,miningandmachineriesetc.Actually(SFG)technologyhasbroughtrevolutionarychangestofoodandtraditionalChinesemedicineprocessingindustry([YuanHuixin,1999],[ZhangJi-ping,2003]).Theassimilatorycoefficientandvelocityofeffectivecompositionfrom(SFGP)ofherbmedicineandmushroomincreasedgreatly([ChenXu,2002],[WangAiwu,2000]).Proteinenrichedmainlyin(SFGP)withacertain(AD)(ShengYong,2002).Physicalandchemicalpropertiesofwaterholdingability,absorptioncoefficient,assimilatorycoefficientof(SFGP)ofincreased(ZhangMin,2005).
Also,methodsforpreparing(SFGP)developedquickly,(VG)and(BMG)methodshavebeenwidelyemployedinmodernindustry,Newestimationtechnique(BerthiauxH,1997)andsimulationmodel(MihalykoCA.1998)havebeenputforwardforfurtherstudy.Atthesametime,analysistechnologyof(SFGP)suchasx-raydiffraction(XRD),scanningelectronmicroprobeSEM,particulatesizedescriptionanalyser(PSDA),andspecificareasurfaceAnalyserwereemployedwidely.SEMtechnologywasusedinobservingMorphicfeaturesandmicrostructureofsolidparticles(M.AkbariehandR.Tawashi,1987).XRDand(LDA)technologywasusedinanalysisofcrystalfigureand(AD)ofhydroxyapatiteparticulates(RichardByrappa,2002).Theparticlesizeofsuperfinepowderinvolvedsub-nanometerlevel.Whentheparticlesizedecreased,theratioofsurfaceatomquantitytototalatomquantityaswellasthespecificsurfaceareapervolume(SAPV)increasedsharply,accordingly,thesurfacebondingcapacityoftheparticleslimprovedmarkedly.Besides,smallsizeeffectimpartexcellentpropertiesto(SFGP)(GaiGuosheng,1997).
(Aa)isakindofediblefunguswithhighnutritionalandmedicalvalue,anditsnutritionalandactivecompositionarepolysaccharideswhichhavefunctionofdecreasingblood-fat,increasingImmuneabilityandanticancer(YoonaSJ,2003).OthercompositiopmsuchasAPPproteinhasfunctionofimmunomodulatory(FuuSheuaandPoJungChienbetc,2004).Besides,rionhasthefunctionofbloodsupplyment.Whilethelowextractiverateofpolysaccharidesfromcoarse(Aa)limitedtheutilizationof(Aa).So,onepurposeofthisresearchistodeveloptheresourcesof(Aa)completely,
TheotherobjectiveofthisresearchistodeterminethechangesofXRDandSEMmicrostructureandphysicalpropertiessuchasdistributionof(AD),Viscosity,absorptioncoefficientof(SFGP)of(Aa)afterbeingsuperfineground.Then,verifiedtheexistofsmallsizeeffectandexcellentproperties.
2MaterialsandMethods
2.1.Materialsandequipments
Thefollowingmaterialsandequipmentswereusedinthisresearch:
Auriculariaauricula(Aa)(Harbin,P.R.China),sodiumhyposulfiteandtitrateresidualiodine(TianjinreagentCo.,Ltd,P.R.China),(VG)(JFS-13A,NanoCo.,Ltd,P.R.China)and(BMG)(ND-7-2L,NanjingUniversityCo.,Ltd,P.R.China),RefrigerationDryer(ALPHA1-2,ChristCo.,Ltd.Germany),SEM(JEM-1200EX,ShimadzucorporationLtd.,Japan),AutoviscosityAnalyser(NDJ-8S,Precision&ScientificInstrumentCo.,Ltd.P.R.China),PSDA(Mastersizer2000,MalvernInstrumentsLtd.,UK),XRD(D/max-ⅢA,RIGAKUCo.,Ltd,Japan)specificareasurfaceAnalyser(BETF-autosorb-1-CQuatachomeLtd.,USA),
2.2Preparationof(SFGP)of(Aa)
(SFGP)of(Aa)waspreparedby(VG)methodafterremovingthehardrootandtheimpuritiesfrom(Aa).Then,(SFGP)wassiftedthroughasifterof100mesh.Markthecoarsepowderstoppedbythesifteras#1,andthefinepowderpassthroughthesiftas#2.Powder#1wasgroundfurtherby(VG)and(BMG)methodrespectivelytoobtain#3(VG)powderand#4(BMG)powder.Finally,allthesampleweredryedcompletelyinRefrigerationDryerandsealedforthefollowingtests.
2.3(AD)distributionanalysis
Disperse#1,#2,#3and#4powderindistilledwaterbyultrasonicwaverespectively,then,analyzethe(AD)distributionof#1,#2,#3and#4(SFGP)byPSDA(Mastersizer2000),
2.4ComparativeanalysisofcrystalstructurebyXRD
Analyzethecrystalstructureof#1,#2,#3and#4(SFGP)byX-raydiffraction.
2.5ComparativeanalysisofmicrostructurebySEM
Coatthefourpowderswithgold,then,observethedifferenceofmicrostructurebySEM(JEM-1200Exs).
2.6Comparativeanalysisofspecificsurfaceareaandporositydegree
PutthefoursamplesrespectivelyintoAutosorb-1-Canalyzer,anddrysamplesundertheexistenceofnitrogen.TheanalysisbasedonBETandBJHmodel.Formostsolidsuperfinepowder,theunimolecularlayersaturatedadsorptionisobtainedbyusingsimplifiedBETformulaasfollows,then,calculatethespecificsurfaceareaaccordingtothequantityofnitrogengasabsorbedandanalyzeporositydegree:
(1)
whereVm—theunimolecularlayersaturatedadsorption,cm3;
p—thecorrespondingnitrogengaspressurewhenadsorptionisbalanced,Pa;
p0—thesaturatedsteampressureofnitrogengasatadsorptiontemperature,Pa;
V—thebalancedadsorptionquantity,cm3.
Whenp/p0=0.05~0.35,measureVandP,andcalculateVmusingformula(formular1),andthenusethefollowing(formula2)tocalculatethespecificsurfaceareaofthesamples.
(2)
whereSm—Thesamples’specificsurfacearea,m2/g;
Vm—theunimolecularlayersaturatedadsorption,cm3;
m—massofthesamples,m;
MV—themolarvolumeofgas,22410cm3;
Nσ—cross-sectionalareaofnitrogengasmolecule,6.2×10-20m3.
2.7Analysisof(IV)
Take1.25gofeach(SFGP)of#1,#2,#3and#4samplesrespectively,then,putthefoursamplesinfourbeakersandadd50mldistilledwaterintoeachbeakers.Afterhighspeeddispersiontreatment,2.5%dispersedsuspensionsolutionisobtained.Thenputthesamplesinto40℃,50℃,60℃,70℃and80℃hotwaterbathandmeasurethesamples’viscositywithNDJ-8Sdigitaldisplayviscositymeasuringdevice.Use#2rotor;therotatespeedis60r/minandthemaxstrokeis10000mPa•S.
Thereisapieceoffilamentbetweentherotorandtheinductionunitinstalledinside.Whentherotorisrotating,therotorwillapplyforceonthefilament.Whentheforcesthataresubjecttorespectivelybytherotor,thefilamentandtheinductionunitarebalanced,theviscosityofthematerialcanbeobtained.Theviscositymeasuringdevicewilldisplaytheviscosityvalueautomatically.
2.8Comparativeanalysisofabsorptioncoefficient
Adsorbabilityof(SFGP)isdeterminedbymethodofiodineabsorptionvaluewhichisgiveninChinesenationalstandard(GBstandard).Fine(Aa)powdercanabsorb
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