美国文学复习资料.docx
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美国文学复习资料.docx
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美国文学复习资料
Part1AmericanPuritanismtoEnlightenment–ColonialPeriod
I.AmericanPuritanism(northcolonies):
i.Puritans:
ThesettlementoftheNorthAmericancontinentbytheEnglishbeganintheearlypartofthe17thcentury(“Mayflower”,1620)–onAmerica’snorthernseacoast–NewEngland–thefirstsettleswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.
ii.IdealofPuritans:
Theywereidealiststo“purify”theritualsofthechurch,tolessentheauthorityofbishops,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothe“purity”ofthefirstcenturychurchasestablishbyJesusChristhimself.
iii.Puritanism:
Puritanswereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,theyhadtheirowncodeofvalues,aphilosophyoflife,andtheirpointofview
A:
Threebasicpuritantenets:
God’sabsolutesovereignty,OriginalSin,Predestination–HumanracesispredestinedbyGod
B.Anethicwasdevelopedaroundhardwork:
Thedriveformoneyandtheacquisitionofwealththroughworkmaynotbeasteptowardsalvation(sincetherewasnochoice)butperhapsasignthatonewassaved.Iflifewereadiscoveryofwhetherornotsomeonewassaved,theneveryeventwassignificant.Ofoneactedinawaythatwasnotinaccordancewiththisbelief,thenonewassurelynotsavedanddefinitelyathreattotheexistingorder.
C.ManywritersregardedthesettlersasGod’sagents,sentunderHis“wonderworkingprovidence”tomakehomesforHischosenandtoconvertordestroytheIndianswhomtheyfeltweresentbythedeviltodisturbtheirprogress.ThewritingbroughthometotheaveragechurchmemberafearandwonderforGod’sworkings–nothingwaswrittenformereamusement–plainstyle,Biblicalallusion(quotation,sermons)
iv.AmericanMyth:
Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth–theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden
AliteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismoftheAmericanPuritanbequest–optimistic
Religiousandutilitarian--reflectingthosepeople’sstrivingforsalvation,especiallymaterially
v.AmericanDream(basicallyoptimistic)
●religiouslypiousandpracticalindividualsuccess–individualism
●westlandtoexplore,unlimitedopportunities,forbiddingnaturalsurroundingsthatintriguingpeople’sfightingspirit–“AsupofNewEngland’sairisbetterthanawholedraftofoldEngland’sale”FrancisHigginsonNewEnglan’sPlantation1630)–TheveryseverityofthefrontierconditionstaughttheAmericanPuritanstobetougher,tobeeveryreadyforanymisfortunesandtragicfailuresthatmightlieinwaitforthem.
II.LiteraryScene(PuritanandEnlightened):
i.theme:
abouttheirvoyagetothenewland,aboutadaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops,aboutdealingwithIndians,aboutthelandwhichstretchedbeforethem–unimaginableandimmense,withrichdenseforestsanddeepbluelakesandrichsoil–allseemedpossiblethroughhardworkandfaith
ii.form:
Englishliterarytraditionimitated
iii.languagestyle:
fresh,simpleanddirect,plainandhomely,honestrhetoric,Biblicalallusion
iv.representatives:
(WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,EdwardTaylor,ThomasPaine)
A.PhilipFreneau–religiousfreedom–dawningnationalism,Americansubjectmatter,poetofAmericanrevolution
--TheWildHoneySuckle--TheIndianBuryingGround
B.JonathanEdwards–religiousecstasy–influenceuponlateryears:
Emerson,anticipating18thc.Transcendentalism
C.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)
a.oppositeofEdwards:
theparadoxofPuritanmaterialismandimmaterialityb.Jack-of-all-trades,aself-mademan
c.ThesymboloftheAgeofEnlightenment,ageofReason–leadingtotheAgeofRomanticism
d.PoorRichard’sAlmanac
e.Autobiography–howamanshouldlivehislife,13virtues(industrious,frugal,prudentetc.)
--aPuritandocument:
self-examinationandself-improvement,self-reliance,thefulfillmentofthe“AmericanDream”–senseofoptimismrevolution--romantic
--spokesmanfortheneworderof18thc.AmericanEnlightenment:
Manisbasicallygoodandfree,bynatureendowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness–benevolenceofGod
--style:
simplicity,directness,concision,plainness,homelinessofimagery
D.Anoppositetone:
pessimisticSt.JohndeCrevecoeur
●HesawandspokeoftheillusorynatureofthatAmericandream,beingawareoftheexistenceofslavery,violence,anddisease–allformsofevilthathethoughttheAmericanhadnotleftbehindwithhismigrationtothissideoftheAtlantic
●Thusalmostattheverybeginning,theNewWorldhadinitsconstitutiontheelementsoftheold,andtheidealhadasitstwinbrother–theanti-ideal.
●LeadingtothenoteofpessimismfirstclearlyheardandheededinMarkTwain’sTheGildedAge
III.SouthernPlantation:
alandedaristocracy,itsownintelligentsia
IV.MiddleColonies:
Americantoleration--Dutch,Swedish–NewYork,Pennsylvania–allnationalities’folkstoriesprovidingforthematerialsforlaterRomanticwriters,suchasWashingtonIrving
IV.ComparisonbetweenAmericanPuritanismandChineseConfucianism
--themoralandreligioussystemofChinafoundedConfuciusbytheendofthe6thc.B.C.Hisoriginalsayings(Analects)wereeditedwithcommentariesbyMenciusinthe4thB.C.,andhisphilosophywasfurtherdevelopedbyChuHisinthe12thc.andbyWangYang-minginthe16thc.
--Basicallyitisasystemofethicalprecepts—benevolent
love,righteousness,decorum,wiseleadership,sincerity–designedtoinspireandpresencethegoodmanagementoffamilyandsociety.
--Atheologicaldimensionwasintroducedinthe2ndc.B.C.whenTungChung-ShurelatedthefivevirtuestoacosmicordergovernedbyShang-Ti(rulerofheaven)towhomtheemperorwasimmediatelyresponsible.ItbecametheofficialdoctrineofImperialChinaundertheHanDynasty(2ndc.B.C.–2ndc.A.D.).RitualsacrificeinappointedshrinescharacterizedConfucianismfromthe1stc.B.C.untilthePeople’sRepublicof1949.
--EclipsedbyTaoismandBuddhismfromthe3rdc.tothe7thc.,ConfucianismwasrevivedandmadethestatereligionundertheTangDynasty(618-906)
--Neo-Confucianism,strongbetweenthe10thc.andthe13thc..opposedthesupernaturalquietistictendenciesofBuddhismandTaoism,advocatingahumanisticsearchfortruth.
--Fromthe2ndc.B.C.untilthe20thc.,ConfucianismwasthedistinctivephilosophyofChina,andthebasisofsocialorganization,educationandadministration.
PartTwoAmericanRomanticism(Transcendentalism)
SectionOne(EarlyStage)
I.AmericanRomanticism:
i.Time–fromtheendofthe18thc.totheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(midofthe19thc.)
ii.Periods:
theearlystage–endofthe18thc.toaround1839–Irving,Cooper
thesummit–NewEnglandTranscendentalism(Emerson’sNaturein1836)–Emerson,Thoreau,Whitman,Dickinson–brightscenesombertunesplayedby–HawthornandMelvilleauniquetune–Poe
iii.Formingconditions
A.Foreigninfluences:
Europeancontinentalromanticism–amovementofliterature,philosophyandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcc.StartingfromtheideasandattitudesofRousseauinFranceandfromtheStrrmandDrangmovementinGermany,itheldthatclassicism,dominantsincethe16thc.,deniedexpressiontoman’semotionalnatureandoverlookeditsprofoundinnerforces.Romanticismisaboveallanexaltationofindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsociety.ThemovementlookedtotheMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration,anditwasresponsiblenationalliberationmovementofthe19thc.Europe.TheleadingRomanticpoetswereByron,Keats,Shelley,Wordsworth,Hugo,andHeine.Beethoven,SchubertandBizetweregreatRomanticcomposers.Throughitsconcernwiththehiddenforcesinman,Romanticismexertedaprofoundinfluenceonmodernthought,andopenedthewaye.g.ofpsychoanalysis.Inart,thesamecurrentledtoexpressionismandsurrealism.
e.g.--Scott’sbordertales–Cooper’sfrontierstories--Byron’sOrientalromances–AmericanIndianromance
--Gothictradition–thecultofsolitudeandgloom
B.Domesticconditions:
--thesocietyasawhole–political,economicandculturalindependence
a.the“newness”oftheAmericansasanation:
theiridealsofindividualism(contrarytothoseidealsofEurope)andpoliticalequalityandtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewGardenofEden–producingafeelinga“newness”,senseofpride,senseofnationalism,senseofstriving,anddesiretoexpress,animpulsestrongenoughtoinspiretheromanticimaginationandchannelitintoadifferentveinofwriting–“AmericanDream”,senseofmissionwithwhichsomeAmericanromanticistsundertooktorepresenttheirpeopleinthenewworld--theAmericannationalexperienceof“pioneering”intothewestprovedtobearichfundofmaterial
b.theheritages
--AmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritage–moralvaluesinsociallifeandculturaltaste–AmericanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeanbrothers–taboos:
sex,loveparticularlycarefulapproaching(Poe,Hawthorne,Whitman)--themiddlecolonies–Americantolerationresultedfromdifferent
--theEnlightenmentspiritofBenjaminFranklin(scientific,self-reliance,thefulfillmentoftheAm.Dream)
iv.Generalfeature–bothimitativeandindependent
--imitative–modelinguponEnglishandEuropeanmasters,esp.insubjectsandlanguage,annostalgicglance(home,familyandchildren,natureandidealizedlove)–IrvingandNewEnglandPoets(Longfellow)
--independent–nationalism,patriotic,westwardexpansion,democracy,equality,Americanlanguage,dialects–Emerson,
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