高中化学High school chemistry.docx
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高中化学High school chemistry.docx
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高中化学Highschoolchemistry
【高中综合】高中化学(Highschoolchemistry)
Highschoolchemistry.TXTisinabadmoodtoday.Ihaveonlyfoursentencestosay.Includethesentenceandtheprecedingtwosentences.Mywordsaremorewickedthanheistodealwiththewicked.Todealwithadespicablemanistobemoredespicablethanheis,andtobeinlovewithyou,mylover.Cashier:
nochange,pleasefindtwoplasticbags.1.Valence(thevalenceofcommonelements):
Alkalimetals,Ag,H:
+1F:
-1
Ca,Mg,Ba,Zn:
+2Cl:
-1,+1,+5,+7
Cu:
+1,+2O:
-2
Fe:
+2,+3S:
-2,+4,+6
Al:
+3P:
-3,+3,+5
Mn:
+2,+4,+6,+7,N:
-3,+2,+4,+5
2.REDOXreaction
Definition:
thereactionofelectrontransfer(orvalence)
Essence:
electrontransfer(includinggainandlossofelectrons)
Features:
upsanddownofvalence
Theoxidizingagent(theoxidized)-theelectron-isreducedbythereductionofthevalence-thereducedproduct
Reductant(withreductive)-thelossofelectrons-ariseinvalence-oxidized-oxidizedproduct
Tips:
get--go--getback--oxidizer
Loss-liter-oxidation-reducingagent
3.Metalactivitysequencetable
KCaNaMgAlZnFeSnPb(H)CuHgAgPtAu
Theprogenicityisdecreasing
4.Ionicreaction
Definition:
reactionswithionparticipation
Electrolyte:
acompoundthatconductselectricityinanaqueoussolutionorinamoltenstate
Non-electrolyte:
acompoundthatcannotconductelectricityinaqueoussolutionandinmoltenstate
Writingofionequations:
Step1:
write.Writethechemicalequation
Step2:
teardown.Dissolvedinwaterandeasilyionizedsubstancesintoionicforms;Undissolved(suchasCaCO3,BaCO3,BaSO4,AgCl,AgBr,AgI,Mg(OH)2andAl(OH)3,Fe(OH)2,Fe(OH)3,Cu(OH)2,etc.),difficultionization(H2CO3,H2S,CH3COOH,HClO,H2SO3,NH3?
H2O,H2O,etc.),gas(CO2,SO2andNH3,Cl2,O2,H2,etc.),oxide(Na2O,MgOstyle,Al2O3,etc.)isnothurt
Step3:
delete.Removealltheionsbeforeandafter
Step4:
check.Checkthenumberofatomsbeforeandafter,andwhetherthechargeisconserved
Determinationofionco-existenceproblem:
Whetherornottheyproduceprecipitation(e.g.Ba2+andSO42-,Fe2+andOH-);
Whethertogenerateweakelectrolytes(e.g.,NH4+andOH-,H+andCH3COO-)
Whetherthegasisproduced(e.g.H+andCO32-,H+andSO32-)
Whethertheoxidationreductionreactionoccurs(e.g.H+,NO3-andFe2+/I-,Fe3+andI-)
5.Exothermicreactionandendothermicreaction
Chemicalreactionsmustbeaccompaniedbyenergychanges.
Exothermicreaction:
thetotalenergyofthereactantsisgreaterthanthetotalenergyoftheproducts
Commonexothermicreaction:
combustion,acidbaseneutralization,reactivemetalandacidsubstitutionreaction
Heatabsorptionreaction:
thetotalenergyofthereactantislessthanthetotalenergyoftheproduct
Commonendothermicreaction:
Ba(OH)2?
Thereactionof8H2OandNH4Cl,hotcarbonandcarbondioxide
C,CO,H2reductionCuO
6.Thetransformationformulaandinferenceofeachphysicalquantity
Thenumberofparticlesandtheamountofmatter:
n==n/NA,n==nNANA-avogadroconstant.Thenumberofcarbonatomscontainedin0.012kg12Cisonemole,approximately6.02x1023,whichiscalledavogadroconstant
Quantityandqualityofthematerial:
n=m/m,m==nM
Thereisanimportantformulaforthegas
A,thevolumeofgasmoleandtheamountofmatter:
n==V/Vm,V==nVmstandardcondition:
Vm=22.4L/mol
B,avogadro'slaw:
underthesametemperatureandpressureV/V(A)(b)==n/n(A)(b)==n/n(A)(b)
C.Formulaofgasdensity:
rho==M/Vm,rho1/rho2==M1/M2
Theamountofmaterialisrelatedtotheamountofmaterial
(forsolution)a,theamountofmaterialandsubstanceC==n/V,n==CV
B,massconcentrationandmassfractionC==(1000rhoomega)/M
7,asolutionoftheconcentrationofacertainsubstance
Calculation:
thevolumeofsolidordilutesolution
Weightheamountofasolid,ameasuringcylinderoraburetteforliquid(exactamount)
Dissolve:
mixtheglassrodinthebeaker
Inspection:
checkforwaterleakage(twice)
Liquid:
cooltoroomtemperatureandtransferthesolutioninthebeakertothevolumetricflask
Wash:
washthebeakerandglassrod2to3times,andtransferthelotiontothevolumetricflask(afewtimes).
Whenthewaterisclosetothemeasuringlineof1cm-2cm,thelowestpointoftheconcavesurfaceofthesolutionwillbetangenttothetopofthesolution
Shakewell:
turnupsidedownandupsidedown,andshakewell,sothatthesolutionconcentrationinthecontaineriseven
Ninebottlesandstickers
Mustinstrument:
balance(solidmass),measuringcylinderorburet(volumeofliquid),beaker,glassrod,volumetricflask(specification),glueheaddropper
14,iron
Physicalproperties:
silverandwhiteluster,highdensity,highboilingpoint,ductility,conductivethermalconductivity,canbeattractedbymagnets.Ironintheearth'scrustissecondonlytooxygen,siliconandaluminum,fourth.
Chemicalproperties:
Aandnon-metal:
Fe+S==FeS,3Fe+2O2==Fe3O4,2Fe+3Cl2===2FeCl3
B,withwater:
3Fe+4H2O(g)==Fe3O4+4H2
C,withacid(non-oxidizingacid):
Fe+2H+==Fe2++H2
Oxidizedacids,suchasnitricacidandconcentratedsulfuricacid,areoxidizedintotrivalentiron
D,withsalt:
suchasCuCl2,CuSO4,etc
TestofFe2+andFe3+ions:
ThesolutionisalightgreenFe2+
TheeffectofthesolutionwithKSCNisnotred,andthechlorineisred
ThephenomenonofNaOHsolution:
whitegreygreenbrown
ThecolorimetricandcolorlessKSCNsolutionappearsred
Fe3+
Thesolutionisyelloworbrownishyellow
AddNaOHsolutiontoproducereddishbrownprecipitation
Siliconanditscompounds
Ⅰ,silicon
Siliconisakindofoxygenatedelement,whichisalwayscombinedwithoxygeninnatureandexistsintheformofhighmeltingpointoxidesandsilicates.Siliconhascrystalsandamorphoustwo.Crystallinesiliconisablacksolidwithmetallicluster,highmeltingpoint,highhardnessandbrittleness.Theconductivityofcrystallinesiliconisbetweenconductorandinsulator,whichisagoodsemiconductormaterial,whichcanbeusedforenergysuchasphotovoltaiccells.
Ⅱ,siliconcompounds
Silicondioxide
A.Physicalproperties:
silicondioxidehascrystalsandamorphousshapes.Themeltingpointishighandthehardnessislarge.
B.Chemicalproperties:
acidicoxide,anacidanhydrideofH2SiO3,butinsolubleinwater
SiO2+CaO==CaSiO3,SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O,SiO2+4HF==
C.use:
itisthemainrawmaterialforthemanufactureofopticalfiber.Quartzcrystalglass,quartzelectronicwatch,quartzclock,etc.Crystalisusedtomakeimportantpartsofelectronicindustry,opticalinstrument,handicraft,etc.Quartzsandisusedtomakeglassandbuildingmaterials.
Sodiumsilicate:
sodiumsilicatesolids,commonlyknownasvesicle,waterglass,isacolorless,viscousliquid,oftenusedasadhesives,preservatives,refractorymaterials.Putitintheair:
Na2SiO3+CO2+H2O==H2SiO3.Thelaboratorycanpreparesilicicacidwithsolublesilicatesandhydrochloricacid:
Na2SiO3+2HCl====2NaCl+H2SiO3
Thesilicate:
A,isthemainconstituentofcrustalrocks,thevariety,thestructureiscomplex,theformofcommonoxidesrepresentsthecomposition.Representationmode
Reactivemetaloxide?
Morereactivemetaloxides?
Silicondioxide?
Water.Forexample,theslidestoneMg3(Si4O10)(OH)2canberepresentedas3MgO?
4sio2?
H2O
14,iron
Physicalproperties:
silverandwhiteluster,highdensity,highboilingpoint,ductility,conductivethermalconductivity,canbeattractedbymagnets.Ironintheearth'scrustissecondonlytooxygen,siliconandaluminum,fourth.
Chemicalproperties:
Aandnon-metal:
Fe+S==FeS,3Fe+2O2==Fe3O4,2Fe+3Cl2===2FeCl3
B,withwater:
3Fe+4H2O(g)==Fe3O4+4H2
C,withacid(non-oxidizingacid):
Fe+2H+==Fe2++H2
Oxidizedacids,suchasnitricacidandconcentratedsulfuricacid,areoxidizedintotrivalentiron
D,withsalt:
suchasCuCl2,CuSO4,etc
TestofFe2+andFe3+ions:
ThesolutionisalightgreenFe2+
TheeffectofthesolutionwithKSCNisnotred,andthechlorineisred
ThephenomenonofNaOHsolution:
whitegreygreenbrown
ThecolorimetricandcolorlessKSCNsolutionappearsred
Fe3+
Thesolutionisyelloworbrownishyellow
AddNaOHsolutiontoproducereddishbrownprecipitation
Siliconanditscompounds
Ⅰ,silicon
Siliconisakindofoxygenatedelement,whichisalwayscombinedwithoxygeninnatureandexistsintheformofhighmeltingpointoxidesandsilicates.Siliconhascrystalsandamorphoustwo.Crystallinesiliconisablacksolidwithmetallicluster,highmeltingpoint,highhardnessandbrittleness.Theconductivityofcrystallinesiliconisbetweenconductorandinsulator,whichisagoodsemiconductormaterial,whichcanbeusedforenergysuchasphotovoltaiccells.
Ⅱ,siliconcompounds
Silicondioxide
A.Physicalproperties:
silicondioxidehascrystalsandamorphousshapes.Themeltingpointishighandthehardnessislarge.
B.Chemicalproperties:
acidicoxide,anacidanhydrideofH2SiO3,butinsolubleinwater
SiO2+CaO==CaSiO3,SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O,SiO2+4HF==
C.use:
itisthemainrawmaterialforthemanufactureofopticalfiber.Quartzcrystalglass,quartzelectronicwatch,quartzclock,etc.Crystalisusedtomakeimportantpartsofelectronicindustry,opticalinstrument,handicraft,etc.Quartzsandisusedtomakeglassandbuildingmaterials.
Sodiumsilicate:
sodiumsilicatesolids,commonlyknownasvesicle,waterglass,isacolorless,viscousliquid,oftenusedasadhesives,preservatives,refractorymaterials.Puti
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- 高中化学High school chemistry 高中化学 High
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