语言学的名词解释之欧阳化创编.docx
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语言学的名词解释之欧阳化创编.docx
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语言学的名词解释之欧阳化创编
WhenIwaspreparingthepostgraduateentranceexaminationofNNU(NanjingNormalUniversity),someofthesefollowingconceptshadbeentested,butthere'snospecificorclearexplanationinthetextbookrequiredbytheuniversity.Asinpreparingthesecond-roundexaminationIreadtheminotherrelevantbooks,Iwrotedownhereforyourreference.Hopetheyareusefultosomeofyou.
时间:
2021.02.06
创作:
欧阳化
1.Acculturation(同化过程)isaprocessinwhichmembersofoneculturalgroupadoptthebeliefsandbehaviorsofanothergroup.
2.Adjacencypair(相邻语对);asequenceoftwoutterancesbydifferentspeakersinconversation.Thesecondisaresponsetothefirst,suchasquestion/answersequencesandgreeting/greetingexchange.
3.affix:
aboundmorphemethatisattachedtoastemandmodifiesitsmeaninginsomeway.
4.agreement(concord)(一致):
agrammaticalphenomenoninwhichtheformofonewordinasentenceisdeterminedbytheformofanotherwordwhichisgrammaticallylinkedtoit.E.g.inthesentenceTheboygoestoschooleveryday.Thereisanagreementinnumberbetweenboyandgoes.
5.articulators(发音器官):
thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds.
6.aspect(体):
thegrammaticalcategoryrepresentingdistinctioninthetemporalstructureofanevent.Englishhastwoaspectconstruction---theperfectandtheprogressive.(完成体和进行体)
7.aspiration(吐气);thepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsthepronounciationofastopconsonant.E.g./p/inthewordpit.
8.consonant(辅音);aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureofpartofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudiblefriction.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarticulation.
9.converstionalimplicature(会话含义):
meaningsthatareexplicableinthelightofconverationalmunicativecompetence(交际能力);theabilitytouselanguageappropriatelyinsocialsituations.
11.constituent(成分):
asyntacticunitthatfunctionsaspartofalargeunitwithinasentence;typicalconstituenttypesareverbphrase,nounphrase,prepositionalphraseandclause.
12.case(格):
thegrammaticalcategoryininflectionallanguagesbywhichtheformofanounornounphrasevariesforgrammaticalorsemanticreasons.Englishhasonlyonecasedistinctioninnouns—thegenitivecase(所有格),butEnglishpronounshavethreeformsthatcorrespondtothreeofthesixcasesinLatin.
13.clause(小句):
agrammaticalunitthatcontainsasubjectandapredicate.Itmaybeasentenceorpartofasentence.
14.closedclass(封闭词类):
agroupofwordswhosemembershipissmallanddoesnotreadilyacceptnewmembers.
15.coinage(创新词):
theconstructionandadditionofnewwords.
16.distribution(分布):
thesetofpositionsinwhichagivenlinguisticelementorformcanappearinalanguage.
17.duality(双重结构):
atypeofdouble-layerstructureinwhichasmallnumberofmeaninglessunitsarecombinedtoproducealargenumberofmeaningfulunits.
18.entailment(包含);therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofone(thesecond)isinferredfromthetruthoftheother.
19.euphemism(委婉语):
awordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorisusedtoavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g.powderroomfortoilet.
20.gardenpathsentence(花园小径句):
asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordoraphrasebutlaterdiscoversthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpretthesentence
21.freevariation;(自由变异)arelationbetweentwospeechsoundssuchthateitheronecanoccurinacertainpositionandthesubstitutionofonefortheothernevermakesanydifferenceinthemeaningoftheword.Forinstance,theunexploded(失去爆破)stop/d/inthephraseGoodmorningisinfreevaritationwiththeexploded(爆破)counterpart.
22.inflection(屈折变化):
themorphologicalprocessbywhichaffixescombinewithwordsorstemstoindicatesuchgrammaticalcategoriesastenseorplurity.
23.government(支配):
thegrammaticalphonomenoninwhichthepresenceofaparticularwordinasentencerequiresasecondwordwhichisgrammaticallinkedwithittoappearinaparticularform.E.g.aprepositionoraverbrequiresthatthepronounfollowingitbeintheobjectiveform,asinwithme,tohim.
24.languageuniversal(语言共性):
anypropertythatissharedbymost,ifnotall,humanlanugages.
25.linguafranca:
(通用语)Alanguagevarietyusedforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewodonototherwiseshareacommonlanguage.Forexample,Englishisthelinguafrancaoftheinternationalscientificcommunity.
26.macrosociolinguistics;Thestudyoftheeffectoflanguageonsociety.
27.microsociolinguistics:
Thestudyoftheeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includingculturalnorms,expetationsandcontexts,onthewaylanguageisused.Itisoftensimplycalledsociolinguistics.
28.paradigmaticrelation:
(纵组合关系)Thesubstitutionalrelationbetweenasetoflinguisticitems,thatis,linguisticforms(letters,wordsandphrases)canbesubstitutedforeachotherinthesamepositioninawordorsentence.E.g,b,p,s,fareinparadigmaticrelationinthewordsbit,pit,sit,fit,soareNature,Beauty,Love,Honestyinthesentences:
Naturepurifiesthemind.
Beautypurifiesthemind.
Lovepurifiesthemind.
Honestypurifiesthemind.
29.syntagmaticrelation:
(横组合关系)Therelationbetweenanylinguisticelementswhicharesimultaneouslypresentinastructure.E.g.inthewordbit,b,i,tareinsyntagmaticrelation,soarenature,purifies,the,mind,inthesentenceNaturepurifiesthemind.
30.presupposition(预设):
implicitassumptionsabouttheworldacquiredtomakeanutterancemeaningfulorappropriate,e,g,“someteahasalreadybeentaken”isapresuppostionof“Takesomemoretea”.
31.prototype(典型):
Whatmembersofaparticularcommunitythinkofasthebestexampleofalexicalcategory,e.g.forsomeEnglishspeakers“cabbage”(ratherthan,say,carrot)mightbetheprototypicalvegetable.
32.root(词根):
themorphemethatremainswhenallaffixesarestrippedfromacomplexword.E.g.systemfromun-+system+atic+ally.
33.stem(词干):
thebasetowhichoneormoreaffixesareattachedtocreateamorecomplexformthatmaybeanotherstemoraword.
34.taboo(禁忌语):
wordsthatareoffensiveorembarrassing,consideredinappropriatefor“politesociety”,thustobeavoidedinconversation.
35.selectionalrestriction(选择限制):
arestrictiononthecombiningofwordsinasentenceresultingfromtheirmeaning.
36.linguisticuniversal:
(语言共性)Thelinguisticuniversalsareprinciplesthatenablechildrentoacquireaparticularlanguageunconsciously,withoutinstructionintheearlyyearsoflife.AsawholetheyarereferredtoasUniversalGrammar.
37.contrastivedistribution(对比分布):
Ifthespeechsoundsoccurinthesamephoneticcontextandthesubstitutionresultsacontrastinmeaning,wesaytheyareincontrastivedistribution.
38.immidiateconstituentanalysis(直接成分分析法)isthetechniqueofbreakingupsentencesintowordgroupsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingsuntilthelevelofsinglewordsisreached.
39.endocentricconstruction:
(向心结构或内心结构)Oneconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents.ThetypicalEnglishendocentricconstructionsarenounphrasesandadjectivephrases.
40.exocentricconstruction(离心结构或外心结构)theoppositeofendocentricconstruction,referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothewholegroup.Mostconstructionsareexocentric.
41.politenesscanbedefinedasthemeansemployedtoshowawarenessofanotherperson’spublicself-image.
42.PP(politenessprinciple)tactmaxim;generosityprinciple;approbationmaxim;modestymaxim;agreementmaxim;sympathymaxim.
43.irony(反语)istheuseofwordstoexpresssomethingotherthanandespeciallytheoppositeoftheliteralmeaningoftheutterance.
44.code-switching:
(语码转换)meansthealternationbetweentwoormorelanguages,languagevarietiesorregistersincommunication.
45.affectivefilter(情感过滤):
Ascreenofemotionthatcanblocklanguageacquisitionorlearningifitkeepsthelearnersbeingtooself-consciousortooembarrassedtotakerisksduringcommunicativeexchanges.
46.Conversion(转类构词)isachangeinthegrammaticalfunctionofawordwithoutaddingorremovinganypartofit.Awordbelongingtoonepartofspeechisextendedtoanotherpartofspeech.Itisalsocalledfunctionalshiftorzeroderivation.
47.lexicalmeaningVSgrammaticalmeaning(词汇意义与语法意义)
Themeaningofasentenceiscarriedbythewordsproperaswellasbythepatternsofwordorderthatispartofthegrammaticalsystemofalanguage.Thepartofthesentencemeaningcontributedbywordsiscalledthelexicalmeaningandthepartofsentencemeaningthatdependsuponthewaythewordsareputtogetheriscalledgrammaticalmeaning,inwhichthefunctionwordsandthewordorderplayaveryimportantrole.
48.paralinguisticmeaningVSnon-linguisticmeaning(副语言意义与非语言意义)
Inhumancommunication,apartfromthelinguisticmeaningconveyedbylanguageitself,therearenumerousparalinguisticmeaningsandnon-linguisticmeaningsthatareperceivedsimultaneouslybythehearer.Paralinguisticmeaningsarethoseattachedtotheverbalexpressionsbyqualityofvoice,tempoofspeech,posture,facialexpressionandgestures.Non-linguisticmeaningsarethoseindicatedbynon-verbalnoisessuchascough,sigh,tongue-clicking,variouskindsofbodylanguagesanddifferentcontextsofsituation.
49.denotationVSconnotation(外延与内涵)
Denotationisastraightforward,literalmeaningofthewordeverymemberofthelanguagespeakingcommunitywillagreeon.Connotationisnotthebasicmeaing
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