刺法灸法学英文.docx
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刺法灸法学英文.docx
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刺法灸法学英文
TechniquesofAcu-moxibustion(刺灸法)
Section1
Contentsoftechniquesofacu-moxibustion
Acupuncture(刺法)andmoxibustion(灸法)arebothexternaltherapies(疗法)thatexertstimulation(施加刺激)ontheskin,musclesorotherexteriorpartsofthebody.Thecombinedtherapiesareknownasacu-moxibustion,(zhenjiu).Otherexternaltherapiessuchascupping(拔罐),scraping(刮痧)etc.arealsoincludedintothescopeofacu-moxibustion.
∙Introductionofthedevelopmentoftechniquesofacu-moxibustion
∙Ancientinstrumentsofacupuncture
∙Ancientmethodsofacupuncture
∙Filiformneedle(毫针)
∙Manipulations(手法)offiliformneedle
∙Moxibustion
∙Cupping
∙Earacupuncture(耳针)
∙Scalpacupuncture(头皮针)
∙Otheracupuncturemethods
1)Acupuncture
ItisprobablethatacupunctureoriginatedinChinaamongtheStoneAge(石器时代)tribes.Asstonetoolsweredeveloped,acrudepointedinstrumentcalledbianstone(砭石)wasfashionedtotapandpiercetheskin(刺皮肤).
ThepurposewashighlightedinadictionaryoftheHanDynasty:
“Bianmeansusingstonetotreatdisease.”
Thebianwerethustheearliestacupunctureneedles.
Withthedevelopmentofsociety,relativelyfinerneedleswerefashionedfromothermaterialssuchasbone,bambooandceramics(陶).
TheuseofmetalneedlesbeganintheBronzeAge(青铜时代)(ShangDynasty1600BC)andgrewwiththesubsequentintroductionofiron.BytheWarringStageperiod(5thcenturyBC),advancesinmetallurgy(冶金)madeitpossibletomanufacturesteelneedlesofafine,thinquality.
Theso-calledNine-Needles(九针)describedintheNeijingwereusedbyphysiciansintheearlycenturiesBC.Later,gold,silverandalloyedmetalneedles(合金)appeared.
2)Moxibustion
Cauterisation(烧灼疗法),fromwhichmoxibustionisderived,wasadevelopmentwhichfollowedthecontrolleduseoffire.
Moxibustionoriginallyutilisedtwigsandothercommoncombustiblematerials(易燃材料).
TheuseofthemoxaplantastheprincipalsubstanceofcombustiondatesfromthelateZhouDynasty.InthebookofMengzi(Mencius),itsays:
“Foradiseaseofsevenyears,seekthree-year-oldmoxa”(七年之病求三年之艾).艾叶(FoliumArtemisiaeArgyi)
Inlatergenerations,moxibustionhasbeencloselylinkedwithacupunctureinclinicalapplications.
InLingshu,GuanNeng,itsays:
“Foraconditionwhichisnotsuitableforacupuncture,moxibustionmaybeeffective.”
3)Cupping
Cuppingwasoriginallyknownasthehornmethod(JiaoFa)(角法).Thehornsofanimalswereheatedandapartialvacuum(真空)wascreatedwhentheywereplacedontheskin.Thepurposeofthiswastotreatdiseasesanddrawoutthepus(脓汁).
Later,bettermethodsofsuctionweredevelopedascupsweremadeofbamboo,ceramics,metalorglass.
Suwen
HencethereasonwhybianstonetherapyoriginatedintheEast.”
Hencethereasonwhyherbal(药草)medicineoriginatedintheWest.”
HencethereasonwhymoxibustiontherapyoriginatedintheNorth.”
Hencethereasonwhyacupuncturetherapyandthedevelopmentofthenineneedlesoriginatedinthesouth.”
HencethereasonwhythetherapiesofDaoyin(导引)andmassageoriginatedinthecentralregion.”
II.NineNeedlesofNeijing★★★
TheNineNeedlesinAncientChina
ThefirstsurvivingpictureoftheancientnineneedleswasdrawnbyDuSijing,aphysicianofYuanDynasty.
1)Arrowhead-likeNeedle(ChanZhen)(鑱针)
Shape:
1.6cuninlengthwithanarrowhead-like(箭头形)tip.Itsheadislargebutitstipissharp.Theendofitstipissharplikeaneedle.
Applications:
Forsuperficialprickingandblood-lettingfortreatmentsoffebrilediseases(热病)andsuperficiallevelconditions.
Modernreformation(改良):
Cutaneousneedle(皮肤针).
2)Ovoid-TipNeedle(YuanZhen)(圆针)
Shape:
1.6cuninlength.Itsbodyiscylindrical(圆柱形的)anditstipisoval(卵圆形).
Applications:
Formassaging(按摩)thebodysurfaceortheacupointsandtotreatdiseasesduetopathogenslingeringinthemuscles(分肉之间的病症).
Modernreformation:
Round-tipneedle,whichisakindoftoolusedformassaging.
3)BluntNeedle(DiZhen)(鍉针)
Shape:
3.5cuninlength,withmilletlike(粟状的),shortandslightlyroundtip.Itisaninstrumentthatcanpressthepointbutcannotbeinserteddeeplyintothemuscles.
Application:
Itwasusedforpressingmeridianstotreatdiseasesduetoevilslingeringinthemeridians
Modernreformation:
Pushingneedle
4)Sharp-edgedNeedle(FengZhen)(锋针)
Shape:
1.6cuninlength,itsbodyisroundanditstipisprismatic(有棱的)inshapewithsharpedges.
Applications:
Forblood-letting(放血)withthepricking(刺)methodtotreatabscesses(脓),carbuncles(粉刺)andacutefebrilediseases.
Modernreformation:
Three-edgedneedle(三棱针).
5)Sword-likeNeedle(PiZhen)(铍针)
Shape:
4cuninlength,and2.5cuninwidth,shapedlikeasword(剑).Itwasalsocalledasword-headedneedleinlatergenerations.
Applications:
Forcuttingorpiercingabscessesorcarbunclestodischargepus.
Modernreformation:
surgicalknife(外科手术刀)
6)Round-shapeNeedle(YuanLiZhen)(圆利针)
Shape:
1.6cuninlength.Itstipissharpandroundanditsmiddlepartisslightlylargeincontrasttothethinbodyneedles.
Applications:
Treatingabscess,carbuncleandarthralgia(关节痛)bypiercingdeep.
Modernreformation:
Smalleyebrowknifefordischargingpus
7)FiliformNeedle(HaoZhen)(毫针)
Shape:
1.6to3.6cuninlength.Itsbodyisthinandfine(锐利的),likethefiliform(丝状的),itstipistenuous(纤细的),likethemouthofthemosquito(蚊子).
Applications:
Foractivating(刺激)meridiansandcollaterals(经络),replenishingessenceandsupplementingqi(扶正祛邪),treatingfebrilediseasesandpainsandBisyndromes(痹证).
Modernreformation:
Themostcommonlyusedacupunctureneedleintheclinic.
8)LongNeedle(ChangZhen)(长针)
Shape:
7cuninlength.Itsbodyislongwithasharptip.
Applications:
Treatingvarioussyndromesof“pathogensstayinthedeepinteriorforalongtime”;forneedlingsomedeeppointssuchasHuantiao(GB30).
Modernreformation:
Awnneedle(MangZhen)(芒针)orHuantiaoNeedle
9)LargeNeedle(DaZhen)(大针)
Shape:
4cuninlength.Itsbodyisrelativelythickwithablunttip(钝的;梃).Itisthelongformofasharp-edgedneedle.
Applications:
Forremovingwaterretention(积水),treatingswelling.
Modernreformation:
fireneedle(cauterisingneedle)(火针).
III.Structureandspecificationofafiliformneedle
1.Structureofafiliformneedle
Afiliformneedleusedtodayisusuallymadeofstainlesssteel(不锈钢).Itsstructuremaybedividedin5parts:
∙Needletip(针尖)
∙Needlebody(needleshaft)(针体)
∙Needleroot(针根)
∙Needlehandle(针柄)
∙Needletail(针尾)
1.Gauge(规格)ofafiliformneedle
Thegaugeofaneedleisdeterminedbylengthanddiameter.
3.Whatisagoodneedle?
∙Thetipshouldnotbeunduly(过渡的)sharp,butroundandnon-blunt(圆而不钝),likeapineneedle(松针);
∙Thetipshouldbeerect(挺直),smooth,taut(坚韧),elastic(有弹性)andflexible(柔韧);
∙Therootshouldbefirmandfixed(牢固);
∙Thehandleshouldbecloselyandevenlywoundwithametallicthread(金属丝).
4.Thecheckofthefiliformneedle
∙Makesurethetipisfreeofcurls(卷曲)andhooks(毛钩);
∙Makesurethebodyisfreeofspecksanddust(斑剥),rust(锈),bends(弯曲)andnotbroken;
∙Makesurethehandleisnotloose.
IV.Preparationspriortotreatment
1.Inspection(检查)ofinstruments
1)Inspectionofneedle
2)Inspectionofthepatient
2.Postureofthepatient★★★
Significance(意义)ofselectionposition
∙Getaccuratelocationofapoint(取穴准)
∙Reduceuncomfortablefeelingandfearofthepatient
∙Fulfil(实践)arelativelongdurationofretaining(持久留针)
1)Lyingposition
∙Supineposition(仰卧位)--------lyingonone’sback
∙Lateralrecumbentposition(侧卧位)-------lyingononeside
∙Proneposition(俯卧位)--------lyingonone’sbelly
2)Sittingposition
∙Supinesittingposition(仰靠坐位)
∙Pronesittingposition(俯伏坐位)
3)Otherpositions
Standingposition
Movingpositionneedlinge.g.Scalp-acupuncture
Changingpositionneedlinge.g.stiffneck
4)Usingstooltomakeidealpositiontoneedle
5)Howtomanageifmorepositionsareneed
3.Locatingpoint(揣穴)
∙Locatingaccordingtothelocation
∙Observingpossiblelocationreactions(changesincolourandshape)
∙Palpating(触诊)thepossiblereactions(nodules(小块),roughfeeling,tenderspots)
∙Markingthepoint
4.Sterilisation
1)Needlesterilisation(消毒)
Autoclavesterilisation(高压蒸汽灭菌)
Needlesshouldbesterilisedinanautoclave(高压锅)at1.5atmospherepressure(大气压)and125Cfor30min.Themethodiseasyandeffectivewithoutanyspecialequipment.
Medicinalsterilisation:
(药物消毒)
Soak(浸泡)theneedlesin75%alcoholfor30-60min,thenremoveandwipeoff(擦干)theliquidfromtheneedlewithapieceofdrycloth.
Theneedletray(针盘)andforceps(镊子)thathavedirectcontactwiththefiliformneedlesshouldalsobesterilisedinthesameway.
Needlesusedtotreatsomeinfectiouscasesshouldbesterilisedandstoredinseparateplace.
2)Skindisinfection
Theareaonthebodysurfaceselectedforneedlingmustbesterilised.
75%alcoholor2.5%iodinecottonball(碘酒棉球)first;thenwipedryusingadrydisinfectedcottonball
3)Application(应用)ofdisposableneedles(一次性针)
V.Angle,DirectionandDepthofNeedling
Significance
∙Obtainingproperneedlesensation(获得针感)
∙Promotingneedlesensation(加强针感)
∙Obtainingreducingorreinforcingeffectiveness(维持针感)
1)Angleofneedleinsertion
∙Perpendicularpuncture(直刺)
90usedformostofthepoints.
∙Obliquepuncture(斜刺)
45usedforpointatlimitedareasuchasYingxiang(LI20),Zhangmen(LV13),Dabao(SP21).
∙Horizontalpuncture(横刺)
15usedforpointonthehead,etc.suchasYingtang(EX).
2)Directionofneedleinsertion
∙Insertingperpendicularlyintothepoint;
∙Insertingtowardsthediseasearea;
∙Insertingintoalimitedareaoftheanatomic(解剖的)space
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