唐力力 Lecture 1.docx

唐力力 Lecture 1.docx

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唐力力Lecture1

Lecture1

TransitionsandConnectiveWords

Examplesillustratingtheiruse

Transitionscarryyourreaderfromphrasetophrase,sentencetosentence,paragraphtoparagraph,andthroughthemajordivisionsofyourarticle.Althoughyoumaybeabletowriteperfectlyclearlywithoutusingtransitionwords,theyhelpreadersknowwhattheyarereadingabout,howtheygotthere,andwherethethoughtisleadingthem.

Inearlydrafts,itisbettertooverusetransitions;youcanalwayscutthemlater.Beover-specificatfirst.

Usetransitionalwordstoguideyourreaderthrougheachstepofthearticle:

First...,next...,then...,finally....

Apparently...,forexample...,butactually...,inconclusion....

Sometimes...,butnotalways....

Ontheonehand...,ontheotherhand...,insummary....

Because...,therefore....

Usetransitionalwordstopointouthowthecurrentthoughtisrelatedtothepreviousone:

ontheotherhand

earlierintheday

similarly

furthermore

inotherwords

because

consequently

inorderto

undoubtedly

tosumup.

Usetransitionalwordstospellouttheconnectionsamongthedifferentelementsofyourwriting.Forexample,considerhowmanywaysthefollowingtwosimplestatementscanbecombinedandrelated:

Hestayedhome.Hewasshot.

Hestayedhome,andhewasshot.

Firsthestayedhome,thenhewasshot.

Firsthewasshot,thenhestayedhome.

Becausehestayedhome,hewasshot.

Hestayedhome,becausehewasshot.

Althoughhestayedhome,hewasshot.

Hestayedhomealthoughhewasshot.

Hewasshotwhilehestayedhome.

Hewasshotshortlyafterhestayedhome.

Ifyoudonotspellouttheconnectionsamongyourideas,readerswillinsertthem.Andtheymaygetthemwrong.

SeetheChartofTransitionWordsforotherexamples.

Juniorand

theChase

ALittleStoryIllustratingtheMajortypesofTransitionalTerms

Addition:

Ifeltacoldshiver,thenIsawthemsneakinguponme.

Junioratealltheturkey;furthermore,heateallthepie.

Time:

AssoonasIsawthem,Istartedrunning.

Junioratetheturkeyafterheatethepie.

Place:

Iranformylife;nearby,childrenplayedatrecess.

Juniorstoodbythesweetpotatoes;oppositehim,CousinGeorgestoodbytheham.

Example:

Juniorlovesweirdcombinationsoffoods;forinstance,yesterdayhepouredgravyonhiscake.

EveryobjectseemeddeterminedtodrownoutmycriesasIran;onemotorcycle,inparticular,metmeateveryintersectionforthesolepurposeofmakingmycallforhelpinaudible.

Comparison:

Juniorstillfelthungry;likewise,Georgesizeduptheleftovers.

Islowedfromfatigue;similarly,mypursuersfellbehind.

Contrast:

Ishouldhavefeltglad;onthecontrary,Iwasterrified.

Theturkeywasgone;ontheotherhand,therewasplentyofhamleft.

Clarification:

JuniorturnednexttothebountifulharvestofthefjordsofNorway,thatistosay,acanofsardines.

Thepavementrosesuddenlyandhitmyarms;inotherwords,Ifell.

Cause:

Becauseheexpectedthemovietomakehimhungry,Juniorslippedafewsardinesintohiscoatpocketforasnack.

Isawtheoutlineofafamiliarbuilding;forthatreason,Ifeltrenewedhope.

Effect:

Juniorboughtpopcornandforgotaboutthesardines;consequently,hiscleaningbillwasevenlargerthanusualthatmonth.

Iworehikingboots;thereforemyfeetgrewtiredfromtheextraweight,butIhadbettertractionontheicysidewalks.

Purpose:

Inordertoconfusemypursuers,Idartedintothetheater.

Juniorwasstandingintheaisle,sothatamancouldgetpasttohisseat.

Qualification:

AlthoughIstaggereddowntheaisle,Ikeptmybalance.

Juniordidn'thearmecoming;perhapshewasabsorbedintheplot.

Intensification:

Aswecollided,IrecognizedJuniorbythesmellofsardines;undoubtedly,he,too,wassurprisedtomeetthisway.

Inthedarkness,mypursuerscriedoutastheyfelloverourprostrateforms;surelytheyhadlostatlast.

Summary:

Onevillainbrokeanarm.Anotherwasknockedcold.AthirdrosetostabmewhenJuniorthrewupalloverhim.Inshort,confusionreigned.

Conclusion:

Finally,overcomewithreliefandnearlyoverwhelmedbythesmell,IdraggedJuniorintothesunlight.Leaningclosetohistremblinglips,Icouldjustmakeouthisgutturalwhisper:

"I'mstarving."

Concession:

Admittedly,Iwastakenaback;nonetheless,IboughthimthebiggesthamburgerinBrooklyn.

UsingTransitions

Inpractice,youwillnotuseasmanytransitionsastheseexamplesdo.[Thatisbecause]overuseoftransitionsmakesyourstylesoundold-fashioned.[Becauseofthis,]contemporarywritersorganizetheirwritingcarefullysothatthetransitionsareimplied,insteadofspelledoutexplicitly.

Nonetheless[hetransitioned],beginningwritersneedtomastertransitionaltermsandtheconceptsbehindthem,whethertheyusetransitionsexplicitlyorimplicitly.

Ifyoudon'tindicatehowtheelementsofyourthinkingrelatetooneanother,yourreaderswillmakeuptheirownlinks,andmayinterpretyourwritingdifferentlythanyouintended.

TransitionalWordChart

1.Addition

and 

or

nor

moreover

again

first

secondly

thirdly

next

last

lastly

finally

evenmoreimportant

furthermore

also

inaddition

further

besides

2.Time

while

after

when

meanwhile

during

next

then

inthepast

immediately

later

soon

inthemeantime

afterwards

following

atlength

afterafewdays

never

always

whenever

sometimes

now

once

simultaneously

3.Place

here

there

nearby

beyond

wherever

oppositeto

adjacentto

neighboringon

bordering

4.Examples

forexample

asanillustration

todemonstrate

specifically

forinstance

toillustrate

e.g.（means"forexample"）

5.Similarity

inthesameway

bythesametoken

similarly

inlikemanner

likewise

insimilarfashion

6.Contrast

onthecontrary

incontrast

nevertheless

but

atthesametime

althoughthatmaybetrue

nonetheless

ontheotherhand

yet

andyet

notwithstanding

otherwise

however

afterall

though

despitethisfact

7.Clarification

thatistosay

inotherwords

toputitanotherway

toexplain

toclarify

torephraseit

i.e.（means"inotherwords"）

still

conversely

instead

evenso

forallthat

namely

8.Cause

because

onaccountof

'forthatreason

duetothefactthat

9.Effect

therefore

consequently

asaresult

10.Purpose

thus

hence

accordingly

inorderto

forthispurpose

11.Qualification

sothat

tothatend

12.Intensification

indeed

torepeat

byallmeans

undoubtedly

tobesure

true

13.Summary

tosummarize

insum

inshort

tosumup

inbrief

insummary

14.Conclusion

"toconclude

inconclusion

finally

'therefore

thus

itisnowobviousthat

withthisobject

withthatinmind

thereupon

then

so

onthewhole

asIhavesaid

15.Concession

admittedly

granted

itistrue

tobesure

almost

nearly

probably

perhaps

maybe

although

infact

withoutdoubt

doubtlessly

obviously

unquestionably

inescapably

certainly

surely

ofcourse

nobodydenies

clearly

eventhough

inamannerofspeaking

tobemoreprecise

ofcourse

needlesstosay